Management and Marketing for Sustainable

Question: Step by step instructions to reevaluate free enterprise and release a flood of development and development Harvard Business Review.Critically evaluate the focuses as made in the diary article. At whatever point you offer your input, bolster them utilizing reference? Answer: Presentation The thought behind the Creating Shared Value is really advocated by Mark Kramer and Michael Porter in their Harvard Business Review. They have attempted to bring out different corporate obligation issues through the meeting room then its written in past years. In different regards this can be considered as smart thought. Making Shared Value is the acceptable endeavor by the essayists into the business morals among the experts at the executives level. This article presents the dismissal just as analysis about the corporate social duty, which for the most part depends over the misrepresentation origination alongside its last reliance over the financial contentions for reconnecting the business with the general public. For this key reason the reexamination of private enterprise has appeared (Hopwood, Unerman and Fries 2010). Maintainability has been never noticeable into the corporate plan. On the off chance that maintainability was comprehensively characterized as the one working in the way, which attempts to protect the quality as long as possible and been progressively gainful limit regarding both the social and indigenous habitat under which the association really works, manageability presently quickly coming as the huge part in the methodology of corporate business (Porter and Kramer 2011). Its prominent that the maintainability had the option to suffer just as make due in the earth and later on. In setting of the business, the administration of the maintainability is identified with joining the financial, social, just as various natural components in the choices of the business (Montiel 2008). Job of Sustainability in Management The executives of manageability conceal the ideas identified with the business morals and corporate social duty (Lado and Wilson 1994). Its prominent that the socially capable business are the one whose point is to limit the negative impacts over the general public and improve the positive impact in the general public (Elkington 1994). Its prominent that business morals are likewise critical as they bombed in getting follow towards them and even leave the calamitous impacts over the business suitability. By and by, the pressure is put over the administration of supportability on the importance of the natural maintainability (Morsing and Oswald 2009). The article presents the four key issues with the Corporate Social worth (CSV): 1. CSV is unimaginative the Porter and Kramer (2011) have attempted to recognize that there is something new in the idea of CSV. In past numerous researchers have expounded on it, and the corporate activities they attempted to rebrand as the CSV is considered as their endeavor to re-name the various practices. These practices are named as partner the board, vital CSR, and social advancement. 2. CSV overlooks the issues among the financial and social objectives In the article, Porter and Kramer (2011) has introduced CSV as moving more than the exchange offs among the objectives of society and economy. This has just happen on the grounds that Porter and Kramer has had a go at overlooking the exchange offs, which was relied upon to be defined. The article gives the guarantee to different chances, wherein accomplishment of the business could be lined up with the advancement of society. Yet at the same time there are numerous hosts of social issues predominantly that are made through the business, in which social just as financial objectives are clashing. The idea of CSV attempts to incite the chiefs that they ought to just disregard these issues (Barney 1991). 3. Need understanding about business consistence The article makes reference to that like well known pundit of Corporate Social obligation, CSV attempts to assume the consistence with the moral measures and laws and furthermore attempt to diminish the damages that were caused because of the business (Keen, Brown and Dyball 2005). Up to one attempts to assume it, at that point dont need to manage these issues (Porter and Kramer 2011). Truth be told there is single sentence, which is devoted towards giving social damages, legitimate consistence and moral standards in the article (Schaltegger, Windolph and Herzig 2012). Accordingly, its essential to disregard these events, where organizations attempt to hurt the earth and the individuals. Its better to disregard each time these organizations flop in maintaining the moral traditions and laws under which they work their business. The article makes reference to that organizations talk about CSV, however dont imagine this is helpful techniq ue in setting of corporate obligation (Barney 1991). For accomplishing the regard for the organization in the soul of laws they make good on duties and regard the worldwide guidelines of works then there would be better method of business re-legitimizing (Riccaboni and Leone 2010). 4. CSV dependent on origination of enterprise job inside the general public the article makes reference to that CSV is reshaping the private enterprise, however in fact its more as same of other stuff, which has given bogus name to the idea of free enterprise, and visually impaired concentration towards the personal circumstance of individual corporate (Roome 1998). It will bolster in unraveling the social issues and make the partners in better position. The article examines about whom these organizations are joking this could spare the free enterprise, and what the necessity that attempts to recognize the orderly idea of different issues they are really confronting or ready to get the organizations take part in the communitarian reactions with the different partners for settling the issues (Stead and Stead 1995). 5. The article talks about that the fact of the matter isn't on how CSV could contribute into the discussion of corporate social obligation, yet there are sure better reasons that should be satisfied (Shrivastava 1995). On the off chance that these reasons are overlooked, at that point it can introduce the ridiculous image of the considerable number of difficulties. The association the board in present time is investing a ton on the energy apparently so as to deal with the authoritative supportability through dealing with the exhibition of the money related resources, wellbeing, PC frameworks, hardware creation, and licensed innovation (Linnenluecke and Griffiths 2010). Through this venture, it ought to be comprehended that one should attempt to wouldn't dare hoping anymore the association to demonstrate that they are supportable (Fiol 1991). Tragically, there are different confirmations that the enormous administration and the open area organizations are battling so as to make their separate reasonable associations (Costanza 1992). End Along these lines, the individuals who can make just as deal with the supportability in the board can become pioneer and lead towards the social, natural, just as financial progress (Porter and Kramer 2011). Along these lines, who can make the supportable association in present time and investigate the boldness to return it back with good judgment (Porter and Kramer 2011). References Barney, J. 1991. Firm assets and continued upper hand. Diary of Management, 17(1), pp. 99120. Costanza, R. 1992. Biological Economics: The Science and Management of Sustainability Complexity in environmental frameworks arrangement. Columbia University Press. Elkington, J. 1994. Towards the maintainable organization: Win-win-win business procedures for supportable turn of events. California Management Review, 36(2), pp. 90-100 Fiol, M. C. 1991. Overseeing society as a serious asset: A personality based perspective on supportable upper hand. Diary of Management, 17(1), pp. 191211. Hopwood, An., Unerman, J. also, Fries, J. 2010. Representing Sustainability: Practical Insight. Earthscan: Abingdon. Sharp, M., Brown, V. A. also, Dyball, R. 2005. Social Learning in Environmental Management: Towards a Sustainable Future. Routledge Lado, A. A. also, Wilson, M. C. 1994. Human asset frameworks and supported upper hand: A competency-based point of view. Institute of Management Review, 19, pp. 699727 Linnenluecke, M. K. also, Griffiths, A. 2010. Corporate manageability and authoritative culture. Diary of World Business, 45(4), pp. 357-366. Montiel, I. 2008. Corporate social obligation and corporate manageability separate pasts, regular prospects. Association Environment, 21(3), pp. 245-269. Morsing, M. what's more, Oswald, D. 2009. Supportable administration: Management control frameworks and hierarchical culture in Novo Nordisk A/S. Corporate Governance, 9(1), pp. 83-99. Doorman, M. furthermore, Kramer, M. R. 2011. Making shared worth: How to rethink private enterprise and release a flood of advancement and development. Harvard Business Review, 1, pp. 63-77. Riccaboni, A. also, Leone, E. L. 2010. Executing techniques through administration control frameworks: The instance of supportability. Universal Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 59(2), pp. 130-144. Roome, N. 1998. Supportability Strategies for Industry: The Future of Corporate Practice. Island Press. Schaltegger, S., Windolph, S. E. furthermore, Herzig, C. 2012. A longitudinal investigation of the information and utilization of supportability the executives devices in enormous German organizations. Society and Economy, 34(4), pp. 549-579. Shrivastava, P. 1995. The job of enterprises in accomplishing biological maintainability. Institute of Management Review, 20(4), pp. 936-960 Stead, W.E. what's more, Stead, J.G. 1995. An exact examination of maintainability procedure execution in mechanical associations. Examination in corporate social execution and strategy, Supplement, 1, pp. 43-66.

Management Change Excercise Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The board Change Excercise - Research Paper Example The means incorporate making of earnestness, improvement of incredible alliance, formation of a change vision, correspondence of the change vision, annihilation of snags, production of momentary achievement objectives, expanding on the change, and mix of progress into the corporate culture of the association (Mind Tools, 2012).The initial phase during the time spent change the executives requires the hierarchical pioneers to persuade the authoritative faculty that a specific change should be there on pressing premise due to specific reasons (Coutts, 2000). In the event that this move isn't made, individuals would think little of the need of progress. In the subsequent advance, the hierarchical pioneers need to build up a group which encourages picking up of people’s assent for change execution. In the event that this move isn't made, substantially more exertion would be required to persuade people since they would be dispersed and not individuals from a similar group. In the t hird step, the pioneer needs to build up a connection among change and a major vision so as to make it simpler for the devotees to acknowledge what's going on. In the event that this move isn't made, supporters would have abstract thought of what's going on. In the fourth step, measures should be taken to rapidly convey the change and spread the vision. On the off chance that this move isn't made, there would not be consistency of approach because of absence of data in specific devotees. In the fifth step, the pioneer needs to perceive the obstructions in the method of usage of progress and do whatever is required to expel them. In the event that this move isn't made, the change procedure is probably going to be hindered en route. In the 6th step, the pioneer ought to acknowledge along with the adherents the accomplishment of delegate objectives. On the off chance that this move isn't made, supporters may lose enthusiasm as there is little acknowledgment of accomplishment of fundame ntal objectives. In the seventh step, the pioneer ought to stress upon a requirement for the devotees to keep working a similar way with the goal that the accomplishment of starter objectives prompts the achievement of a definitive objective. In the event that this move isn't made, supporters may become presumptuous and not do the needful. In the eighth step, the supporters should be spurred to continually audit the change procedure and continue altering it to achieve ideal outcomes. On the off chance that this move isn't made, the change may not bring the ideal outcomes. Every one of the eight stages remembered for the Kotter’s model is basically an activity that requires a total methodology to be taken adequately. Usage of progress and its administration as proposed by Kotter requires sound administration abilities in a person. As a supervisor, I have great speech abilities and subsequently, can persuade individuals or for the least, present my conclusion in an understandab le way. I am acceptable at taking activities relating to all the means of Kotter’s eight stage model for the most part. Be that as it may, I need a little improvement in the fourth, seventh and eighth step. This is a direct result of the way that I am somewhat reckless because of which, I probably won't have the option to ensure that the procedure of progress is conveyed to the entirety of the hierarchical work force. This requires a touch of association on my part. I think that its hard to remember myself if the congruity in a procedure is broken. So after the 6th step, wherein I as an administrator would praise primer objectives with the authoritative work force, it may be hard for me to build up the concentrate again to ensure that

Legal issues Essay Example

Legitimate issues Essay Legitimate issues Name: Course: Date: We will compose a custom exposition test on Legal issues explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Legal issues explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Legal issues explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Question 1 The idea of â€Å"conflict of interest† is characterized by the RTL Code as a circumstance where an employee’s individual interests and the company’s interests conflict or neglect to blend. The code directs that as much as the organization esteems the employees’ individual lives, representatives ought to dodge any conditions that would be classified as a contention to their greatest advantage and those of the organization (Chryssides Kaler, 2003). The code gives explicit examples where irreconcilable situation may emerge, for example, participating in a serious business with RTL, using business time by enjoying RTL-related work and taking part in ill-advised and illicit installments (Ferrell et al, 2012). Question 2 The significant players for the situation incorporate Tim Torrens, his better half and the NZ Company. For this situation, a few codes were penetrated. To start with, Tim Torrens disregarded Article 5.3 of the code of morals that endorsed the renunciation of endowments by workers of RTL. Torrens was offered an all costs paid four-day occasion that could be sorted as a blessing since it was not part of his work portrayal. He was additionally offered an end of the week playing in a golf competition that damaged a similar article. Torrens additionally abused Article 5.4 that denied his better half from going with him on the four-day occasion. Tim additionally damaged Article 5.1 that restricted workers from taking part in some other business with organizations that contended in any capacity with RTL. He rather liaised and connected himself with NZ Company, a texture provider for RTL. Question 3 The Shane Smith situation likewise shows a few penetrates of the RTL code. Article 6.0 of the RTL code expected workers to keep exact and fair records of the bookkeeping and reviewing exchanges. Shane Smith understood this infringement however neglected to call attention to that the upper level administration was stealing organization reserves. Thusly, he didn't carry out his responsibility as endorsed by the code. Any bookkeeping inconsistencies acknowledged by a worker ought to have been accounted for to the specialists. Shane likewise abused Article 7.0 of the code that specified that if any activities occurred that would risk the motivation behind the code; the representative should introduce the issue to the organization. For his situation, he had a decision to either report the bookkeeping inconsistency and face the anger of the CFO or report the issue to the administration and let them handle the issue. Thinking out of dread caused the worker to waver and this, in itself, was a penetrate of the code in light of the fact that in revealing the unscrupulous conduct by the CFO, Shane would have stayed unknown and kept his activity. Question 4 The issue of business morals hosts been bantered by two significant gatherings with Milton Friedman’s hypothesis contending that a company’s just social duty was to build its incomes furnished it followed the modern guidelines that restricted double dealing or extortion (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Different defenders of business morals contended that lawful guidelines were complimentary and that they ought to be strengthened with different guidelines to implement a higher feeling of conduct in the work environment (Jennings, 2012). RTL Company received the Milton Friedman’s approach toward keeping up business morals. This is on the grounds that Friedman supported for expanded administrator participation and commitment in impacting social, natural and moral components to accomplish a definitive objective of morals inside the working environment (Tittle, 2002). RTL’s code of morals was likewise spurred by the evasion approach in Freidman’s hypothesis tha t looked to keep away from any lawful or budgetary clashes before they happened (Allhoff Vaidya, 2008). As I would like to think, the RTL code of morals is a proficient and serviceable arrangement of guidelines for the work environment. A brilliant moral code is relied upon to address the issues of all the partners without favor or segregation, and the RTL code happens to work admirably in most definitely (Shaw, 2011). A helpful moral code covers the social and the useful parts of the partners and all the moral regions, for example, consistence, regard for organization property and irreconcilable circumstance (Rendtorff, 2009). References: Allhoff, F., Vaidya, A. (2008). Business in moral center: A treasury. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press. Chryssides, G. D., Kaler, J. H. (2003). A prologue to business morals. London: Chapman Hall. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L. (2012). Business morals: Ethical dynamic and cases. Artisan, OH: South-Western/Cengage Learning. Halbert, T., Ingulli, E. (2012). Law morals in the business condition. Artisan, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Jennings, M. (2012). Business: Its legitimate, moral, and worldwide condition. Artisan, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Rendtorff, J. D. (2009). Duty, morals, and authenticity of organizations. Frederiksberg, Denmark: Copenhagen Business School Press. Shaw, W. H. (2011). Business morals. Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Tittle, P. (2002). Moral issues in business: Inquiries, cases, and readings. Peterborough, Ont: Broadview Press.

President Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

President - Research Paper Example Various occasions occurred during the virus war both locally and all around catalyzing the development and reception of the Truman precept. Russia supported socialism was on the ascent and affecting the whole Europe. Hungary’s vote based government was toppled by the socialist party in 1947 drawing in solid judgment by President Truman. In 1948 again the socialist party with the help of Russia utilized power to get power in Czechoslovakia. The endeavored Berlin barricade would have likewise altogether influenced the course of occasions had it succeeded. The Russian danger turned out to be especially critical in 1949 when Russia conveyed its instrument to impact the whole Europe. Russia likewise proceeded to detonate its atomic bomb invalidating America’s lead. The Korean heightened the strains between the two adversary super powers. It became obvious that to reestablish trust in Europe, financial help, rearmament of West Germany and military guide were essential measure s. The President in this way looked for Congress’s endorsement of $ 400 million towards supporting turkey and Greece both regarding military and financially (Merrill, 20006). The connection between the United States and the USSR was undesirable during the virus war. Russia’s hostility and development of its socialist impact into Eastern Europe after the annihilation of Germany was not taken well by the United States and other Western majority rules systems. The US commanded the governmental issues and financial aspects of Western Europe and subsequently was extremely compromised by Russia’s impact in the East. The two forces contrasted on belief system and governmental issues and were vieing for inside impact along the various lines. The opposition endured somewhere in the range of 1947 and 1991 when the Soviet Union authoritatively crumbled. The spreading socialism belief system upheld by Russia saw socialist gatherings oust fairly chose governments in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Russia’s explosion of its first nuclear weapon and its

Betrand Russell – Problems of Philosophy

As people we normally accept that the sun will rise tomorrow. However, can any anyone explain why we accept this? In the accompanying exposition I will investigate the rationale behind this inquiry concentrating on Bertrand Russell’s contentions of acceptance, and the consistency of nature as introduced in his book â€Å"The Problems of Philosophy† Russell’s guideline of the consistency of nature recommends people and creatures fall into the snare of accepting that everything that has and will happen turns into a â€Å"general law with no exceptions† (Russell, 63). As it were, the more as often as possible something happens, the more certain it is to happen again.Russell gives a model refering to the connection between a chicken and a rancher. At the point when the chicken sees the rancher coming regular, he expect, according to common, that he will be taken care of, at the end of the day one day the rancher will kill the chicken (Russell, 63). This is the snare that we as often as possible fall into by getting excessively acclimated with what has just happened, and accepting that it will consistently happen once more. Russell contends this is on the grounds that people utilize inductive rationale to produce these general laws, which are utilized as the reason for the consistency of nature (Russell, 66).This standard of enlistment expresses that the more occasions we see two things to be related, the more prominent the assurance that this affiliation is exact (Russell, 67). A model is the ascending of the sun. Through inductive rationale we have verified that each morning, the sun will innately rise (Russell, 64). There is in any case, a little possibility that the world’s rotational power could stop which would bring about the sun not rising. In any case, as inductive rationale carries us to â€Å"certainty without limit†, it is apparently unimaginable that the sun wouldn’t rise, in view of the billions of times it has ascended previously (Russell, 69).This is the place I accept there is an issue in Russell’s contention. I accept that there is no real proof supporting the connection among enlistment and the consistency of nature. As I would like to think paying little mind to how often the sun comes up; the possibility of the sun rising the following day, doesn't change. From this I infer that enlistment is definitely not an appropriate method for deciding if the sun will rise, in light of the fact that there is as yet a perpetual likelihood that it will not.Russell counters this by contending that through acceptance we can move toward a degree of â€Å"almost conviction, without limit† (Russell, 67). I accept this to be a paradox too on the grounds that this announcement in itself is a paradoxical expression. It recommends that there are various degrees of conviction, which is in opposition to the meaning of sureness itself. While I do accept that the sun will rise tomorrow, my conviction is steered in the consistency of nature, not in enlistment, as I am not persuaded of this â€Å"certainty† which enlistment requires.Russell would by and by disprove this proposing it’s not the degree of assurance, but instead the likelihood of the sun rising that increments. I in any case, accept that this likelihood can't change. Every dawn is autonomous of each other, similarly as each flip of a coin seems to be. Despite what number of heads in succession I get, I can't by any consistent measure derive that the coin will constantly flip heads. Thus, I can't reason that the sun will consistently rise since it has before. In view of these grounds, the contention of enlistment doesn't stand, and subsequently, isn't identified with the consistency of nature.

Social Justice Towards Music Education - Free Essay Example

Community works towards these ideals to better represent and provide a quality music education to all students. The first goal is to provide free and equal music education for all students (Bates, 2012). This includes access to high-quality instruments, private instruction from highly qualified teachers, free uniforms, funds for program-related trips, and transportation (Bates, 2012). Teachers need to revisit traditional music program structure to allow for beginning level instrumental and choral classes at multiple grade levels (Hoffman, 2013). Building relationships with music community members who can offer tutoring (during school) can enable more students to take private lessons (Hoffman, 2013). Teachers can downplay/eliminate types of competition often ingrained in music programs (seating, solos, solo/ensemble festivals) (Bates, 2012). Teachers need to take a critical look at the value of some of these practices. It is certainly important to keep what is valuable, but address it in a way that adds enrichment, not competition, and make sure any opportunities offered are equally accessible. Large-ensemble competitions and regional ensembles draw often unfair comparisons between schools and students (Bates, 2012). A greater focus on more popular and less-expensive instruments can be beneficial as well (Bates, 2012). Orchestra is so much less expensive than band, yet orchestra programs almost always get cut before band programs, because band is such an American institution. Guitar, composition and popular music classes are other non-general music alternatives. These should be geared toward all students and not create a new form of tracking for students excluded from other ensembles (Hoffman, 2013). Teachers need to understand and respect each students cultural background (Bates, 2012). Social class is a form of cultural diversity and we shouldnt put deficit labels on students who come from different social/cultural backgrounds than our own (Bates, 2012). Teachers can acknowledge, attempt to understand, show appreciation for diverse musical preferences, and examine their own bias (Bates, 2012). Students can explore historical and social contexts and develop performance skills in their preferred music (Bates, 2012). In this way, all students gain access to diverse preferences and practices. Teachers need to understand what support students will need to be successful and continue to be involved in the music program (Hoffman, 2013). Teachers should recognize the social forces that perpetuate poverty (Bates, 2012). We must examine the ways structural and procedural decisions about classroom music may influence curricular and co-curricular musical opportunities for students from low-income homes. Intersections between SES and music education (Hoffman, 2013). Bias are perpetuated by beliefs that low-income students are lazy, socially deviant or intellectually inferior (Bates, 2012). Many songs in music curriculum address struggles of low-income and working classes (Bates, 2012). Need to actually critically examine these songs with students though. Being able to question requires having the knowledge or the access to knowledge of the way things are and the ability to develop ideas for creating change. Teachers and students need to develop the ability to enact change. The issues that Stevenson raises in Just Mercy stem from issues prevalent in American public education, as explained in Research Studies. These problems are just as relevant in music education as they are in other education programs. We cannot champion the arts as enabling creativity and music as the universal language unless these programs are observed with a critical lens. Doing so is vital to serving our community and saving the world as Bernstein called for.

Art Study Paintings Essay - 550 Words

Art Study: Paintings (Essay Sample) Content: Name,Date,CourseWord Count; 475ANOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHYSandler, Lucy Freeman,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ classroom use of the art printà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . ART Study teaching, classroom activities, painters and painting. Article 0004393. (May2007). Vol. 141 Issue 4. 28-28. (2013) http://ehis.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=7sid=cad1151d-7554-4693-a6b0-44caafd81c48%40sessionmgr4hid=8bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9hAN=26074973The classroom use of art print is an article that is used as tool to encourage creativity, innovativeness and hard work among students interested in art-print careers. This article gives clear information about classroom use of art print by Jan Van Eyck entitled,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ The Arnolfini Weddingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The article gives a brief introduction about Jan van Eyck, who was born in born in 1385 in Belgium and worked as a court painter for a good part of his life. Jan van Eyck is considered to be the first oil based painter in the history of western coun tries. The success of van Eyck's is highly attributed to his ability to create the illusion of texture and the various ways in which he depicted the effect of light in paintings. The article proceeds to expound on the Arnolfini Wedding; fur wood textures and folds of fabric in the artistic paintinng. The article proceeds to propose what the trainers should do. It outlines various distinct levels of education that include; Primary, Elementary, Middle School and High -school. The author then outlines how learning and understanding can be facilitated using the same painting. He clearly gives guidance on how each group can derive maximum benefit in developing artistic skills in painting, by directing teachers on how to use the painting in teaching, according to the level of education of the audience.Sandler, Lucy Freeman "The Handclasp in the Arnolfini Wedding: A Manuscript Precedent." Portrait painting. Art journal 00043079 (Sep 1984). Vol. 66 Issue 3.488-592. (2013) http://ehis.ebsco host.com/ehost/detail?sid=cad1151d-7554-4693-a6b0-44caafd81c48%40sessionmgr4vid=6hid=16bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9hAN=5315223This article gives a general analysis of the identity couple in Jan Van Eyckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s portrait painting. The paper has since been severally questioned, most recently by peter schabacker, who claimed that the figures represented were not Giovanni and Jeanne Cenami. The article proceeds to outline Erw...