Chemistry Energy Levels Essay

The energy of the subshell increases as follows:4s<4p<4d<4f * â€Å"4s† has the greatest probability of being close to the nucleus * Subshells are limited to # of electrons they can hold ( 2 electrons per orbital) s=21s orbital d=105d orbital p=63p orbitals f=147f orbitals Assessment * How many p subshells are in the 4th energy level (n=4)? 34px 4py 4pz * What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 4p subshell? each p subshell can hold 2 electrons and therefore there are 3p orbitals with 2 electrons * What is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy the 4th energy 322n2=2(4)2 =2(16) =32 Creating Energy Level Diagrams * Used to show the relative energies of electrons in various orbitals under normal conditions * Each orbital is indicated by a separate circle/square * All orbitals of a given subshell have the same energy. Ie. The 3p orbitals in the 3p sublevels have the same energy * The spacing between successive subshells decreases as the number of subshells increases overlapping of shells having different values of n. Assessment 1. How many d orbitals exist? – 5 2. How many electrons can exist in the 3d orbitals? – 10-2 in each of the 5d orbitals 3. How many electrons can exist in the n=2 level? 8-remember 2n2=2(2)2=8 4. How many electrons can one 4f orbital hold? 14-2 in each of the 7f orbitals 5. Which has a higher energy a px, py, or pz orbital? They all have the same energy. 6. Which electron can be found furthest from the nucleus:2s or 3s? 3s electrons 7. Which electrons can be found furthest from the nucleus:2s or 2p. 2p is further. Fig. 3. 19 Arrow Orbital Notation Aka Orbital Diagrams * Use circles or squares for the orbitals and arrows for the electrons * RULES: * The Aufbau Principal- electrons will occupy lowest available energy level * Pauli Exclusion Principal- no two electrons have the same quantum numbers * Hund’s Rule – electrons remain unpaired for as long as possible. Ex: One electrons goes in each Px, Py, Pz, before they start to pair up Fig 3. 21 Electron Configuration – Provides the same information as an energy level diagram but in a more concise format. * Li: 1s2 2s1 C:1s2 2s2 2p2 * Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p? Use the following concept map to help to determine the filling order of the orbitals: * The similarity among elements within groups and the structure of the periodic table can be explained by electron configuration * Li: 1s2 2s1 * Na: 1s2 2s2 2p? 3s1 Short Hand Notation -Use symbol of noble gas with the same core electron configuration: Ex. Na [1s2 2s2 2p? ]3s1 Or [Ne] 3s1 Some unexpected Electron Configuration * Example: Cru and Cu Expected Actual Cr: [Ar] 4s2 3d? [Ar] 4s1 3d? Cu: [Ar] 4s2 3d? [Ar] 4s1 3d10 In each case, an electron is borrowed from the 4s subshell and placed in the 3d subshell. * Cr-3d subshell becomes half-filled * Cu-3d subshell becomes full * Half-filled and fully filled subshells tend to be more stable * Other expectations: Ag: [Kr] 4s2 3d10 Au: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 Explaining Ion Charges * Remember s electrons are lost before d electrons when dealing with transition metals. Ex1. Zn Zn: [Ar] 4s2 3d10 Zn2+: [Ar] 3d10 (4s electrons are lost so that the 3d orbital remains full) Ex2. Pb Pb: [Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 6p2 Pb2+: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6p2 (The 6s electrons are lost) Pb4+: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 (The 6p electrons are lost as well as the 6s electrons) Quantum Numbers * Electron waves (orbitals) can be characterized by a set quantum numbers, n, l, ml, ms Principle quantum number (n): * Identifies the energy of an electron in an orbital * All orbitals that have the same value of n are said to be in the same shell * Range from n=1 to n=infinity * Determines the size of the electron wave how far the wave extends from the nucleus * As n increases the energies of the orbitals also increase Secondary quantum number (l): Divides the shells into smaller groups called subshells * n determines the values of l * for any given n, l may range from l=0 to l=n-1 * identifies the shape of the orbital Value of l| 0| 1| 2| 3| Letter designation| s(shape)| p(principle)| d(diffuse)| f(fundamental)| Magnetic quantum number (ml): * splits the subshells into individual orbits * identifies the orientation of the orbital * for any given value of l, ml has a value ranging from +l to –l * e. g. If l=0, ml=0; for l=1, ml=+1, 0, -1 which correspond to the x, y and z orientations of the p orbitals.

Autumn and Spring

Autumn and spring are my favorite seasons. Spring is the season between winter and summer. Autumn, or fall, is the season between summer and winter. Both seasons are beautiful. Although there is beauty in the seasons of fall and spring, there are also some distinctions between them, such as weather, color, and activities one can do during that time. In spring, temperatures rise as the days get longer. In later years, I have come to like spring weather after suffering the cold of winter. More rain tends to fall during this season. Spring is flowery. Leaves on the trees start budding out and begin greening; flowers and grass start growing due to the temperatures getting warmer. Colored flowers with nice smells announces the spring to everybody; we also smell the first cut of grass on a warm spring day. People do gardening in spring time too. Spring is more of a beginning to the trees; while, fall marks the end of their run. Everybody loves to feel free with thin pants and short sleeves in spring. Kids, especially, love to go out and play. They ride their bikes, and if it is a windy day, it is fun to fly kites. Spring is the time for baseball. Spring is a busy time for animals; they sleep all winter and become active again during this time. Many animals will have their young in the spring; when food is plentiful. Furthermore, their young will have time to grow before experiencing a cold winter themselves. Spring is a busy time for people, too. Farmers take care of the newborn animals; and they plant seeds in the fields. People go swimming and sailing for their pleasure. Who can forget the way lemonade tastes on the first day of spring? The fall season is cool with nippy weather. Nothing compares to the color of autumn leaves at the peak of their splendor. Leaves of some trees will turn colors, such as red, yellow, gold, orange, and brown as they all fall to the ground. I love to see the fall colors every autumn. Leaves crunch and crackle under my feet and whirl all around me. The sun goes down so early. Everyone likes the magic of the fall color. Some plants bear fruit. For example, there are apple trees in bloom. Ripe apples falls for eating, baking, and caramel apple making. The next interesting thing is the pumpkin. People choose a great big pumpkin, carve a face, make a ack-o-lantern, and roast the seeds. Halloween and Thanksgiving are the main holidays in fall. Football is a favorite game in fall. People do hiking and bicycling activities in the fall season. One day trees are all bare, leaves have fallen everywhere and there is an icy chill in the air. Very soon winter will be here. Animals will store and eat food to prepare for hibernation or dormancy. Earthworms tunnel down where the earth does not freeze; squirrels and chipmunks store seeds. We can hear the honking of geese when migrating. We can also can smell burning leaves and smoking woods. Even though there are many differences between these two seasons, there are a couple of similarities, too. First, the length of day and night are the same. Second, both seasons are transitional seasons. Spring precedes summer and fall precedes winter. On the first day of spring and fall (March 20 and September 22) the sun shines exactly over the equator and at that time the day and night time are the same at almost all the places in the world. In both seasons people like to travel. Both seasons are great in many ways. However, I admire the magic of fall colors.

Existence of Extraterrestrial Beings

With all our knowledge of everything around us, overwhelming as it may be, there are still a lot of aspects that are unknown to even the smartest scientists. Did you know that humans know only 5% of the entire universe? Yes, everything we know about the Earth, the Milky Way, and all the planets is barely even a fourth of what comprises the entirety of the universe. Knowing that, it would be illogical to say that the creatures on Earth are the only forms of life in the universe. Today I will tell you about unidentified object sightings, close encounters and even abductions. The first recorded UFO sighting was in Mexico, by an astronomer named Jose Bonilla in 1883 while he was observing sunspot activity. He was said to have seen more than 300 unusual flying objects crossing before the sun. The next one was three years after in Venezuela during a thunderstorm. People reported seeing a bright flying object accompanied by a humming noise hovering over a small hut. The people in that hut got illnesses from radiation exposure and nine days later, the trees surrounding the hut withered and died due to the same reason. Another alarming incident was in the United States of America where a UFO allegedly crashed in Texas and its alien pilot buried at the local cemetery incidentally, I read of the same encounter from a different source and it added this: That night, local officials called a reverend whose name I regret to forget, to go to the crash sight immediately to pray for the victims. When he got there, he was shocked to see non-human creatures. Not more than a few minutes later, military men came in a helicopter and told the reverend to leave and not say a word to anyone; it was an order. These incidents were way back in the 1800’s when our technology was not as enhanced and people were more naive. More recent sightings have been reported in very different areas of the world – Sweden, US, Brazil, Alaska, Argentina, Iran, Spain, China and even the Philippines! Any discussion on this conspiracy, however, will not be complete without talking what went and goes on in Roswell, New Mexico, or better known as Area 51. Area 51 is known to be a US Military Base where 75 miles away, there reported to be a UFO crash landing on July 2, 1947 that left an exceptional amount of debris all over the area. The Roswell Army Air Field reported that they recovered a â€Å"flying disc† but a few hours after this information was released, the government immediately said it was a â€Å"weather balloon. RAAF even reported having recovered alien bodies but as expected, the government denied again and simply stated that it was the military men’s trauma from accidents. Countless witnesses during and after the reported crash date have confirmed seeing flying objects, crop circles and usual activity within the area. Area 51 is now conspired to be a place where they examine evidences of alien bodies, UFO crashes, etc, but the government refuses to confirm and have denied these allegations. More than sightings, as promised, let me take you in on one of the craziest abduction stories. There have been over 60,000 reported abductions worldwide. In most cases, the victims are returned but don’t remember a thing. And in some, the victims are lost forever. The story I’m about to tell you is one of the most bizarre ones ever recorded. So bizarre that it took more than ten years to be able to have a complete review of the situation resulting to the victim and her family’s sanity and the obvious answer that it really did happen. On January 25, 1967, at around 6:30pm Betty Andreasson Luca was in her home with her family. They reported there to be a red light all over the house. When her husband went out to check where it came from, he saw 5 unusual creatures hoping towards the kitchen door where Betty was. She had a family of seven children all of which, including her husband and parents were put in some kind of trance during the whole thing, although they were conscious of everything. Betty was taken to the 20feet in diameter ship, which hovered over their front yard and it flew away to an even bigger mother ship just a few feet above. Betty was gone for four hours. When she has returned, she was perfectly normal and noticed that one of the aliens got left behind with her family, though they were fine as well. Impossible as it may seem, all of this actually happened and was proven correct when each member was questioned, undergone different psychiatric tests, polygraph examinations, and for Betty, fourteen sessions of regressive hypnosis. The result was a 528-page review which scientists still study until today. Betty’s case remains to be the most extraordinary proven case ever recorded. Usually, people who were abducted tend to feel the same things afterwards: lost or missing time for a couple of hours, frequent nose bleeds, unusual marks on the body, nightmares of the abduction, and symptoms of radiation exposure. Beforehand though, collected recorded abductions have the following similarities: it begins with a visual perception of a bright light, the victim feels paralyzed and cant say or do anything; communication is telepathic too! During the abduction, victims can barely describe any of the tools used due to their unfamiliarity to the objects and loss of memory, they know of undergoing a physical examination, and then nothing after that. However, most reported abductions are studied and examined and doctors seem to find a common ball-shaped or triangular shaped objects at the top of the nose, feet, hand, forehead or eyelid. These tiny items cannot be studied further because it is composed of chemicals not found on earth. With all this at hand, it would be very difficult to believe that we are the only form of life. I could go on and on about more stories and other things I know and have gathered from watching countless documentaries and reading articles on the subject but time and the fact that you all probably think I’m crazy constrains me. This is what I can tell you now though: these creatures could very well be amongst us without our knowledge. They are clearly more advanced than we are for they have found ways of coming to our planet and finding us when they most likely live light-years away.

Gang Theory Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gang Theory - Coursework Example There exist the notion of alternatives in than one may reverse his decision on grounds that those alternative methods are either unavailable or their rewards are lower than expected. With the full knowledge of the consequences may opt in taking a risk. The size of a gang may limit the probability of an individual being caught and increase the chances of benefits in that if a gang member is caught the remaining members may still reap from their actions. Farrall and Bowling (1999) attributes this to the failure of human beings to leave up to their decisions as circumstances changes over a given period. Gang crimes operate mostly on assumption that their number creates a vulnerability effect to their victims in that they use their number to intimidate and organize their actions. The vulnerability aspect encourages the gangs to operate with less worry of the likeliness of being caught (Gottschalk, 2013). Those caught in crime gangs and then released due to either completing their jail term of lack of evidence may tend to ignore the risk involved in crime (Farrall & Bowling, 1999). The fear of uncertainty is what deters a person from committing crime and once experiences the consequences involved in crime some prefer to engage in crime life. Routine based crimes are what have attributed to the continuous growth of the gang-based crimes. The social rationality is also, what determines an individual’s choice in joining a gang group. The existing social inequality from, the judicial service and the unfairness by the community in terms of revenue allocation may prompt individuals with similar grievances to from gangs and recruit a sizeable number. The social aspect at this point runs paramount to the risk assessment effect of the rational choice theory. Once a group is formed under same circumstances, they tend to bond from a long

KWL Reading Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

KWL Reading Strategy - Essay Example Though it is good to teach the students by following the curriculum, but for the physical education there is no curriculum designed to follow. However, students are given different tasks and activities to perform. Each student has a different activity to perform it helps to deal with differences of individuals students. It can improve the abilities of each child individually because each student will be given task according to his or her skills. It is also important to consult with a physical therapist for development of each child. The APE should perform its duties to train the students and  to  enhance the skills of special students. During the training session, each student should be evaluated after every month. The progress of the student will be assessed by the teacher (Block, 2011). As each student is assigned with the different goals and objectives, it is the best practice that is known as IEP. The other instructors of the school may suggest some more positive changes for more effectiveness of the plans. The school is working according to the IDEA for those students with disabilities that want special education. Teaching the different kind of students provided more ideas to deal with them by offering a different and new activity. In order to effectively run an IEP during the PE, the teacher should have goals for each student based on their interests, skills and abilities. Furthermore, the assistant teacher will be required to run those activities. While teaching the students it is crucial to consider the parent’s interests, the student’s interest and provide guidance to survive in the community (Block,

Discussion Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Paper - Assignment Example In economics terms, scarcity is referred to as the lack of sufficient factors of production needed in the production of certain goods and services. Economists maintain that scarcity exists on economy-wide bases. For e.g. Individuals want many things for consumption but they have to go without some. Businesses have a choice of buying certain equipment in which they have to make a choice and go for the best option. Similarly, economies face scarcity when they decide to produce certain good with finite resources and forego the others. The concept with which these choices are made is called â€Å"Opportunity Costs†. This is a basic principle concerning scarcity. The concept holds that opportunity cost is giving up the next best alternative for the best and most rational choice. Similarly, trade-offs is another option to counter scarcity, so as exchange and international trade. In this class, we expect that we will be given certain tools and techniques that will help us manage the problem of scarcity and will help us deal with it in the most efficient manner. This will minimize the impact of scarcity and help us make rational choice given the quantities of finite factors of production at our hand. Equilibrium means balance and where there is no tendency to change. Market equilibrium is a situation where the plans of buyers meet the plans of suppliers at a particular price and hence there is no tendency to change as it will bring about varying outcomes from the perspective of both buyers and sellers. Therefore, it is the price at which a certain quantity of goods is supplied and bought and where a market is working efficiently. An example of how a change in demand resulted in change in price can be taken from oil industry. From 2000 onwards, the global economy experienced a boom. As a result, demand for oil started increasing exponentially. This resulted in increase in oil prices and oil prices reached near to $140/barrel in the first half of

Final exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Final exam - Assignment Example The people in power do not have to be favored by the laws in the community, but the laws should support all. A community that practices justice and instills knowledge to its citizens will prosper, unlike a community, which does not. Knowledge is the key to good and outstanding leadership because knowledge carries with it all the right virtues. Protagoras is very communitarian and anti-individual. He argues in the case of justice that to live together we must act politically, respect others, realize our compulsion to others and act justly. The harmony of all this things will only be achieved by education. Political and social skills need to be taught to uphold justice and ethics. If a city decides an issue to be just and okay, then the facts are just and fine for it, so long as it reserves the opinions. Cicero in his time focused mostly on defending the Roman Republic. Democracy is seen in a community when justice is agreed upon jointly. Protagoras responds by giving a lengthy speech about the creation of the world. He states that indeed virtue is teachable since political systems believe that all citizens can have virtue. Likewise, criminal justice systems are based on the view that citizens can be reformed or taught to be virtuous. It is hard to be good, but it is also impossible to be good all the time. This is because human beings are forced to behave badly by some circumstances in life. This situation implies to ignorance as shown by Protagoras. He states that the only evil is a lack of knowledge and behave badly while knowing what is good. Protagoras has accepted that wisdom, restraint, justice, courage and sanctity all mean virtue and morality are other names for knowledge. This means that virtue can be taught. Platos’ philosophical ideas about justice were intelligible, static matter, accessible to the mind and not to the senses. His ideas provide the lone dependable standard for knowledge and good judgment. A person

DFQ Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DFQ - Term Paper Example differential equation and its significant contribution to the cooling of temperatures, which is one particular area of interest as far as the subject of real life situations, is concerned. Additionally, it is imperative to note that the first order differential equation that will be applied in determining the rate, timing and quantity of temperature cooling is an ordinary differential equation of first order. A first order differential equation conforms to the linearity of ordinary differential equations since the derivative part of the equation exists in the first degree (Abell & Braselton, 2004). As a result, the general representation of a first order differential equation of linear type can be represented by the following formula, Where dy/dx is the derivative part, P and Q are referred to as continuous functions of the variable x. in addition, X and y represents variables that are subject to manipulation. The above-mentioned formulation is the standard form of a first order linear differential equation, thus, the derivative solutions of such equation, first takes into consideration the re-writing of any equation in standard format before working on it in terms of derivation (Abell & Braselton, 2004). Moreover, if a differential equation contains coefficients preceding the derivative part, it is recommended that the coefficients be divided throughout the equation to ensure uniformity. When the derivative is preceded by a constant or any other variable they must be divided through the whole equation to obtain the standard form of the ordinary differential equation (Abell & Braselton, 2004). The analytical solution represents the general solution of the equations and it is imperative to note that it contains arbitrary constants, which can only be calculated, if there is the presence of initial value problems (Abell & Braselton, 2004). Therefore, the solution can be given by the following set of equations The numerical solution of a first order differential

Personal philosophy of science education in a primary class Assignment

Personal philosophy of science education in a primary class - Assignment Example Students are said to develop their thinking, hand and body skills better under the inquiry-based method of teaching (Akinoglu, 2008). According to Akinoglu, science projects develop the creative thinking skills of students (2008). In teaching science to a primary class, it is important that teaching be done through small group works (Woods-McConney, Wosnitza, & Donetta, 2011). This makes the students more motivated to learn and participate actively in the activity. Another important aspect of teaching science education to primary class students is to help students understand science by linking them to the needs of society (Eady, 2008). They should be made aware of the relevance of science in their daily lives. Lastly, one concurs with McTigue and Slough that design of science texts used should enhance the interests of students to direct their attention to the essential information (2010). Furthermore, science texts should have graphical representations that can assist the students in understanding the science concept presented (McTigue & Slough, 2010). One hopes to apply the philosophies stated above in teaching science to a primary class. These philosophies were based on several theories by science educators and which one deems effective in communicating scientific principles to children. Gilbert, A. (2009). Utilizing science philosophy statements to facilitate K-3 teacher candidates’ development of inquiry-based science practice. Early Childhood Educational Journal , 36 (5), 431-438. Woods-McConney, A., Wosnitza, M., & Donetta, K. (2011, September 1). Keep it positive: Using student goals and appraisals to inform small group work in science. Teaching Science: The Journal of the Australian Science Teachers Association ,

Are Labor and Division of Labor Problems Essay Example for Free

Are Labor and Division of Labor Problems Essay Are hierarchy and division of labor problems? Why or why not? In regards to organizations, hierarchy can be defined as any system of people or things that are ranked one about another. The hierarchy structure can be defined as flat, mid-sized, or tall. Small businesses may have a flat hierarchy because of their small size, they lack middle management and there may only be a few managers and a few workers overall. On the other hand, larger companies have a tall structure with many tiers and levels of management, workers, and other staff leading up to the president of the company. Division of labor is a process in which a specific worker or group of workers are assigned a specialized task in order to increase overall efficiency, It may mean splitting a task into many sub tasks in order to pass out the smaller parts to people who are most qualified and fitted for those specific tasks. I do not believe either hierarchy or division of labor could be considered problems. Both align protocols and chains of commands in which the people best suited. Having a clear line of hierarchy in which worker can go to manager, who would in turn go to manager until it reached the president allows people higher up on the hierarchy to not have to spend time with tasks that could be handled by positions lower than them, allowing them to use their time more efficiently to carry out their own tasks. Likewise, division of labor allows for tasks to be matched to the best suited person to complete them. Not only can this save time since the person will already be familiar with the concept they are working with, it will allow the company as a whole to get to the next step and run more efficiently. Overall, I believe both these concepts allow for a company to save time, manpower, money, and other resources. When running a corporation it is important to run as efficiently as possible, more like a machine then like a group of people.

History Of The William Colgate Company

History Of The William Colgate Company William Colgate Company was started in 1806. William Colgate was a maker of soap and candle by himself. The firm began selling bars in regular weights in the 1840s. The company was well-run as Colgate Company under the managing of his son, Samuel Colgate after the death of William Colgate. His son Colgate introduced a perfumed soap in 1872, by the name of Cashmere Bouquet and then in 1873 the firm introduced toothpaste, aromatic toothpaste sold in jars. In 1908 they initiated mass selling of toothpaste in tubes. In 1898, In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the B.J. Johnson Company was manufacturing a soap wholly of palm and olive oil, the technique of which was urbanized by B.J. Johnson. The soap was well-liked a sufficient amount to rename their corporation after it Palmolive. At the go round of the century Palmolive, which enclosed both palm and olive oils, was the worlds best-selling soap. A Kansas based soap manufacturer known as the Peet Brothers merged with Palmolive to become Palmolive-Peet. In 1928, Palmolive-Peet bought the Colgate Company to generate the Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company. In 1953 Peet was dropped from the label, send-off only Colgate-Palmolive Company, the existing name. Colgate-Palmolive has extended been in fierce opposition with Procter Gamble, the worlds largest soap and detergent maker. PG introduced its Tide laundry detergent shortly after World War II, and thousands of consumers turned from Colgates soaps. When PG started putting fluoride in its toothpaste after that the Colgate lost its figure one place in the toothpaste market. In the commencement of television, Colgate-Palmolive wished to compete with Procter Gamble as a sponsor of soap operas. The company sponsored many events in part; they were for the most part famous for being the full sponsor of the entertainment in installments The Doctors. George Henry Leach was president, CEO, and chairman of the board of Colgate-Palmolive in the 1960s and 1970s, and during that time transformed it into a modern company with major restructuring. In 2006, Colgate-Palmolive announced the intended acquisition of Toms of Maine, a leading maker of natural toothpaste, for US $100M. Toms of Maine was founded by Tom Chappell in 1970. Today, Colgate has frequent subsidiary organizations with a leg on each side of 200 countries, but it is publicly scheduled in only two, the United States and India. The company built a status around the world as a successful company with the highest moral values. all the way through alive our values of Caring, Global Teamwork, and Continuous perfection, and adhering to the uppermost principles of honesty, admiration, and concern for the environment, we seek to: make available safe and quality products of value to consumers raise shareholder value Offer opportunities for personal and professional growth to all Colgate people Fulfill our corporate social responsibilities as a member of the global community Products: Around the world, people like you trust our family of brands to care for the ones they love. Toothbrushes and toothpastes to bar soap, household cleaners, every day our products get better the quality of life for consumers global. Toothpastes Sparkle Tooth Brushes New Palmolive Naturals Azadi Carbolic Soap Protex Max Bar Azadi Dish Bar Max Scourers Max Liquid Max Antibacterial Brite Total Express Power Bonus Colgate-Palmolives Mission Statement Our three fundamental values-Caring, Global Teamwork and Continuous Improvement-are part of everything we do. Caring The Company cares about people: Colgate people, customers, shareholders and business partners. Colgate is committed to act with compassion, integrity and honesty in all situations, to listen with respect to others and to value differences. The Company is also committed to protect the global environment and to enhance the communities where Colgate people live and work. Global Teamwork All Colgate people are part of a global team, committed to working together across countries and throughout the world. Only by sharing ideas, technologies and talents can the Company achieve and sustain profitable growth. Continuous Improvement Colgate is committed to getting better every day in all it does, as individuals and as teams. By better understanding consumers and customers expectations and continuously working to innovate and improve products, services and processes, Colgate will become the best. EXTERNAL FACTORS EFFECTIVE CHANGE: The weighted score of the EFE matrix comes out to be 2.67 which show that Colgate can take advantage of the profitable opportunities that the market is offering, to overcome the external threats. The highest weights in the external opportunities are given to new product development and the implementation of ERP which means automated system for supply chain management. Colgate is not yet into a large variety of personal care products and since people are becoming more fashion and hygiene conscious these days Colgate can enter into a much profitable market of products categories like shampoo, face wash, body wash, liquid hand wash, shower gel etc. Its major rivals in the personal care category namely Unilever and Lux are already manufacturing these products but Colgate with its large capital base can enter these markets easily and can increase the length of their Personal Care product line and become more profitable. The other major opportunity is that Colgate can fully automate their supply chain. Colgate is in fact planning to take advantage of this opportunity and is pursuing a strategy by the name of ERP (SAP) which will make whole supply chain automated. All local and foreign suppliers of Colgate will have their systems integrated with the Companys MIS (Management Information System) where they can take orders, check inventory levels, bargain prices. Awareness among the rural population has also increased over the past decade and some part of the population is shifting from miswak and home-made cleaning soaps to tooth pastes liquid and powdered soaps. There is also a large gap in the tooth brush market which means that Colgate Palmolive is far ahead in the tooth brush market as compared to its major rivals and can further increase this gap with more innovations. The major threat to the company is the increasing prices of raw material and energy which is mainly due to the inflation in the country. The suppliers are constantly demanding price increases and the company has to negotiate prices with them on a regular basis. Moreover the energy and fuel prices are also rising, as a result of which Colgate has to bear high cost of operations. Being a low-cost producer, it is a major threat to the company. Apart from this, the political situations are also causing major threats to the company. Post December 27, 2008 80% of Colgate factories in Kotri were burnt out which caused huge losses to the company. INERNAL FACTOR FOR EFFECTIVE CHANGE: The weighted score from the IFE comes out to be 2.96 which shows that the company has enormous strengthens to overcome its weaknesses. The highest weightage is given to the biggest strength that Colgate has, which is, that it is the market leader in Surface care category with 90% market share. Besides that it has cooling crystal patent in its tooth pastes as no other brand has cooling crystal ingredients in its tooth pastes. This particular strength gives it a competitive advantage over its close rivals like Medicam and English toothpaste (Filicetti, John). Another major strength of Colgate Palmolive is its good leadership that has been contributing to the companys success. The strategic objectives of the company are clearly defined and communicated throughout the company. Employees commitment is also a major contributing factor, there are no layoffs and people are committed to working hard consistently. Moreover, with high profits they pay their employees good salaries too and also carry out training programs at different managerial levels. Despite the current economic threats Colgate has managed to keep its share price at an above average level in the industry. Currently its share is trading in the market at Rs. 850. The major weakness of Colgate is that it is not utilizing IT Systems to the optimum level. In this fast moving world, with cut-throat competition it is a major weakness of a company which does not have proper MIS systems installed. It doesnt have a separate IT department either. Besides that there are no e-commerce facilities available to customers who buy in bulk. Another weakness is that Colgate Palmolive is not exporting its products to other countries. Colgate has subsidiaries in many countries but they are more profitable than CP because they export to other countries. If CP overcomes this weakness and start exporting to even in just a few countries it can earn high margins (Filicetti, John). PRIMARY ACTIVITIES COST INBOUND LOGISTICS: CP has efficient MIS systems that link their suppliers raw material with the firm production processes (Moore, E.R). OPERATIONS: CP has efficient plants installed that reduce manufacturing costs. Previously they had machines that used to take one day to switch from the manufacturing of one kind of product to the other. But currently the plants and machines that they have are much more cost effective and efficient. It takes only 30 minutes to switch from one product ma manufacturing to the other (Moore, E.R). DISTRIBUTION AND OUTBOUND LOGISTICS: CP has accurate and responsive order processing procedures. The delivery of raw material to the manufacturers and the delivery of final products to the various departmental stores like Aghas, Makro, Naheed etc is made on time (Moore, E.R). SALES AND MARKETING: CP has a highly trained sales force. They carry out various awareness programs in which they visit different localities with their sales team along with doctors who make people and especially children ( incase of Oral care products ), aware of the importance of hygiene. In this way CP has always strive to improve the quality of life. There products are not priced very high. Products are priced in a way that generates sales volume. CP spends a lot on advertising and television commercials (Sergiovanni, T.J). SERVICES: CP provides a help desk to its customers. They can write their comments and complaints directly to the colgate Palmolive. Colgate usually offers a free medical checkup for all at various schools, exhibitions and hospitals. CP is thus performing corporate socially responsibility (Moore, E.R) support activities and cost FIRM INFRASTRUCTURE: CP has a professional and strong infrastructure. Every manager in various department has to report to the GM of his department and the GM then report to the director. M.D is the person who is the head of the colgate Palmolive. The firm processes are made in such a way that it has helped the company to reduce its cost. Employee commitement has always been there. The culture is adaptive and professional. CP has a strong relationship with its suppliers (Moore, E.R). HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: CP value their employees commitment. Thats why they dont have any layoffs. Their employees are loyal to the company. They carry out training programs that further groom employees. CP also conducts management trainee programs in which they recruit fresh graduates and provide them training in almost all departments so as to make that individual well familiar with the organization (Sergiovanni, T.J). TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT: CP has investments in technologies but they still need to automate their supply chain in order to become more cost effective. Apart from that they are also not utilizing E-commerce facilities to the optimum level which can give them a huge cost reduction (Moore, E.R). PROCUREMENT: CP has systems and procedures installed through which they contact their local and foreign suppliers who are all CP Approved. They negotiate prices and place orders through these systems (Moore, E.R). COLGATE PALMOLIVES LOW-COST PROVIDER STARTEGY: CP has a large and efficient distribution network. Its distribution channels are located all over Pakistan (Moore, E.R) It caters to a broad customer base. It has developed itself in almost all the categories which are associated with customers on the daily basis. Colgate pursues low cost strategy. Its plant is automated. Only one plant is used for the manufacturing of three different detergents like bonus, express, brite The whole process is repeated for each of the detergent. By automating the plant, CP is able to save a lot of cost. CP value delivery network does not have any delays in it which helps CP to save cost. CP targets all segment, it has products for the lower class, middle class and the upper class. Its pricing is done accordingly. It has cost leadership in the detergent and the surface care category CP forecasting is very accurate which helps them to reduce cost because if estimated are accurate then it helps the company to avail cost advantages CP is allowed to deviate only 5% from its forecast both upwards and downwards CP has concentrated more on process efficiencies CP has access to large capital that is required to make significant investment. CP never compromises on the development expenditure. It is always ready to improve its production processes. Being a low cost producer it helps CP to better compete to its rivals. Being the low cost producer it has helped CP to insulate themselves from powerful suppliers who nowadays demand increasing prices due to rising inflation. Being he low cost producer, it has also helped to attract powerful buyers whom CP sells directly like MAKRO, DMART, IMITAZ, AGHAS, and NAHEED etc (Moore, E.R). Economic Factor The overall economy of the country is showing a stable growth. Therefore this industry is also showing a growth of 10%. But the inflation is growing rapidly which is not a good sign for the new entrants. Change in the interest rate also affects the industry. Hence the new entrants are also threatened by the increasing interest rates. Economic factors do influence the bargaining power of buyers as inflation is the major factor that is affecting the consumers hard. Economic factors do not affect the availability of substitutes. But since inflation is growing, so it is hard for the poor people to switch to more modern products like washing powder, tooth paste. They would rather prefer oil to clean their clothes and use miswak to brush their teeth. Economic factors do have an affect on the bargaining power of suppliers as inflation is rising fast. Suppliers demand that they would provide the necessary raw material at a higher price. Exchange rate fluctuations also affect the cost of raw material. Economic factors do affect the rivalry among the competitors as all the players in the industry want to have cost leadership. The economic factors are favoring intense competition from the last five years. People have more money at their disposal. Also Pakistan is a consumption oriented society (Hiatt, Jeff.). Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) STRATEGY 1 STRATEGY 2 Weights AS TAS AS TAS STRENGTHS Market leader in surface care with 90% market share 0.15 Good Leadership 0.06 Employee commitment 0.12 3 0.36 2 0.24 Cooling crystal patent 0.1 Accurate forecast with respect to demand 0.07 4 0.28 2 0.14 High EPS 0.08 3 0.24 2 0.16 Strong advertisement and promotional campaign 0.08 2 0.16 3 0.24 WEAKNESSES IT not used optimally 0.13 4 0.52 2 0.26 No ecommerce 0.1 3 0.3 2 0.26 No proper use of forward integration 0.05 2 0.1 3 0.15 They are not exporting their products to other countries 0.06 1 OPPORTUNITIES Exploring into new categories like shampoo, hand wash , body wash, shower gel 0.14 2 0.28 4 0.56 Rural population switching from miswak to toothpaste 0.06 Gap in tooth brush market 0.08 2 0.16 3 0.24 Implementation of ERP(SAP) 0.14 4 0.56 2 0.28 People becoming hygiene and beauty conscious 0.1 2 0.2 3 0.3 No layoffs 0.07 THREATS(T) Raw material and energy prices are increasing 0.12 3 0.36 2 0.24 Inflation in the country 0.07 3 0.21 2 0.14 Competitors re launching their products 0.1 2 0.2 3 0.3 Competitors increasing their marketing budgets 0.06 2 0.12 3 0.18 Unstable law and order conditions. 0.06 1 TOTAL 4.05 3.69 Rivalry among existing competitors Yes (+) No (-) The industry is growing rapidly. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ The industry is not cyclical with intermittent overcapacity. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ The fixed costs of the business are relatively low portion of total costs. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ There are significant product differences and brand identities between the competitors. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ The competitors are diversified rather than specialized. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ It would not be hard to get out of this business because there are no specialized skills and facilities or long-term contract commitments etc. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ My customers would incur significant costs in switching to a competitor. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ My product is complex and requires a detailed understanding on the part of my customer. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ My competitors are all of approximately the same size as I am. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ INTERPRETATION: Threat of competitors is high because the product is not unique as there are no product differences. Same products are available with all competitors like Unilever, Procter and Gamble, Shield, Oral B. Therefore rivalry is also increasing as demand in the economy has also increased for the last 5 to years. Majority of the competitors are MNCs which means that they have the necessary resource and skill (Hiatt, Jeff). Government Factors: Government regulations do have an affect on the rivalry among the competitors. Political factors: Political factors do not affect the rivalry among the competitors Economic factors Economic factors do affect the rivalry among the competitors as all the players in the industry want to have cost leadership. The economic factors are favoring intense competition from the last five years. People have more money at their disposal. Also Pakistan is a consumption oriented society (Hiatt, Jeff). Social trends Social trends have changed, buyer are more aware of their purchases. So the players in the industry are always trying hard to increase their market share (Hiatt, Jeff). Technological change Technology is helping the companies to gain a competitive advantage over their rivals. Also research and development plays an important role in this (Hiatt, Jeff). KEY SUCCESS ACTORS FOR COMPETIVE SUCCESS Low cost production efficiency. CP has plants installed that take only 30 minutes for the plant to shift from the production of one product to the other. High quality manufacturing of products with very few defects. A strong network of wholesale distributors. Gaining ample space on retailer shelves. (Examples Naheed, Aghas, Makro and other small shops.) Attractive packaging and styling. Good length of product lines. Attractive commercials and advertising. Good reputation in the industry along with favorable reputation with buyers. Market penetration Colgate can do market penetration by increasing its advertising, people always associate Colgate with tooth paste and have no awareness that it produces personal and surface care products as well. They should show their logo on all its products so that people know the producers and this will increase customer loyalty and also when people will come to know that Colgate is the producer then new customers will also buy the product (Hiatt, Jeff). They should also increase their promotion efforts by going to school and doing health awareness programs, also they should go to residential areas and make women aware of their surface care and fabric care products such as max, bonus and express etc Product development: Colgate can also do product development by introducing new features in their already existing brands. They can improve their tooth brush quality and features by introducing flexi tooth brushes for special oral care. Also they can introduce whitening features in their feature in their tooth paste; different colors of tooth paste can also be introduced to attract the kinds market. In their fabric care they can introduce in special features of protecting the color of the cloth while washing and also whitening enhancing surfs to give a good shine to while clothes (Hiatt, Jeff). develop systems to involve appropriate stakeholders in the introduction of change SIX THINGS REQUIRED TO EFFECTIVELY IMPLEMENTING A STRATEGY According to Porter, to implement a strategy effectively six things should be followed: Create a formal plan: Distributor Quantity Item Price Negotiation, Inventory Reporting, Stock Details, Payment Terms HR Module Inventory / Store Create a multifunctional team: To effectively implement ERP, Colgate must first hire an independent resource firm. Acquire licensing for SAP Implementation. Establish an independent IT unit for the monitoring of ERP. This department will coordinate with all the other departments (Robbins S, Mukerji). Communication of strategy: inside and outside: All employees in the company should be made aware of the new automated system. Each employee must be provided a minimal insight of SAP but those employees who have to work on SAP the most should ofcourse be provided with proper training course of SAP. These include: Factory Manager Manager accounts Warehouse Manager Distribution team Consumer insight department Outside the company the strategy to implement ERP should be communicated properly to all the local and foreign suppliers of Colgate Palmolive (Hagberg). Consistency over time: As Information Technology is progressing day by day, new changes in ERP are expected after certain time periods. Therefore it would become very important for Colgate to cope up with the changes in the software. For this purpose it would need to update it employees by providing training whenever any change takes place in SAP (Hagberg). Use proper measurements: Other measures, not just financial measures would be required to test whether the system is working properly. These measures include: Whether the system is accurately forecasting demand, sales, price changes Whether or not there are any deviations in the actual versus projected sales Effectiveness of the internal processes after the strategy implementation (Robbins S, Mukerji). Test the strategy: Ask employees and senior management in all departments whether they are satisfied with the new system of working. Talk to suppliers and distributors whether they want any more improvements in the new system of working (Hagberg). KEY DRIVING FORCES Industry growth: Now most of the people have knowledge about the different products and its advantages. The intense competition in industry and high demand enables the new entrants to compete in this market (Hagberg). Product innovation: Innovation in product, as Colgate has just introduced Max fresh in which the coolant crystals are present which none of the competitors has adopted yet. There is also room in innovation in washing detergents (Hagberg). Changing societal concerns, attitudes and lifestyle: Since social issues are really effecting the use of product just like the use of Miswak which is the Islamic mode of cleaning the teeth (Hagberg). Use of E-commerce and Internet: Usage of online ordering and maintaining the stock level through e-commerce can be driving force in the industry. By using that they can provide products to customer which is value addition for them (Hagberg). This report is purely based on the finding from the Colgate expert and the secondary data analysis, and the reason for writing the whole report is to find the obstacle / hindrance a business men face and how the organization can minimize it through implementing the different strategies and analysis. The whole report research draws attention to  the fact that any problem can be eliminate if proper investigation and consideration can be observed the success is easy to get, Pakistan market is mature market and the competition is tough here because most of the customer is price conscious and act like butterflies, so targeting this kind of customer is quite difficult, but on the other hand it can be managed if the you can understand the market effectively and efficiently (Robbins S, Mukerji). Hiatt, Jeff. HYPERLINK http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-definition-history.htmThe definition and history of change managementHYPERLINK http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-definition-history.htm. http://www.change-management.com/tutorial-definition-history.htm. Filicetti, John (August 20, 2007). HYPERLINK http://www.pmhut.com/pmo-and-project-management-dictionaryProject Management DictionaryHYPERLINK http://www.pmhut.com/pmo-and-project-management-dictionary Moore, E.R., (accessed 1 April, 2001), Creating Organizational Cultures: An Ethnographic Study, Eastern Academy of Management Virtual Proceedings, Moore, E.R., (accessed 1 April, 2001), Creating Organizational Cultures: An Ethnographic Study, Eastern Academy of Management Virtual Proceedings, , R. Ph.D. Heifetz, D.Ph., 2000 (accessed 4 April, 2001), Corporate HagbergCulture/Organisational Culture: UnderJerryding and Assessment, Robbins S, Mukerji D (1994). Managing organisations. Prentice Hall of Australia, McPhersons Printing Group, Australia. Sergiovanni, T.J. (1984) Educational Leadership, Leadership and excellence in schooling, Volume 41, Number 5, United States of America, page 4-13 Kent State University 2000 (accessed 28thMarch, 2001), Kent State University Cultural Self-Study Internal Communication of Change By Dagmar Recklies Circling the Pyramid Building Lasting Commitment to Change  Ã‚   (pdf-file) by Edmond Mellina What Makes a Good Change Agent? by Dagmar Recklies The Role of the Change Master From Change Agent to HYPERLINK http://www.themanager.org/Strategy/Change Master.htmHYPERLINK http://www.themanager.org/Strategy/Change Master.htmChange MasterHYPERLINK http://www.themanager.org/Strategy/Change Master.htm By Ruth Tearle Managing Change Definition and Phases in Change Processes by Oliver Recklies Problems in Managing Change by Oliver Recklies AuditNet.org provides a downloadable PDF of change management best practices. Fred Nickols wrote HYPERLINK http://home.att.net/~nickols/change.htmHYPERLINK http://home.att.net/~nickols/change.htmChange Management 101: A Primer.HYPERLINK http://home.att.net/~nickols/change.htm SearchCRM.com provides resources on handling change management following a CRM upgrade. Neglecting your change control process can kill an IT disaster recovery plan.

Scheduler Choice in Cluster Environment

Scheduler Choice in Cluster Environment Clusters have become more popular and ubiquitous and the number of processors in cluster have also increased considerably. They consist of collection of a homogeneous machines or a host of diverse computational devices which collaborate via a high speed network to execute high-performance applications. Computer industry has widely accepted that future performance increases must largely come from increasing the number of processing cores on a die. This has led to NoC processors. Efficient scheduling of high performance applications on these parallel computing systems is critical to enhance their performance and to improve system throughput. It has been proved that the problem of scheduling tasks with precedence constraints is NP-Complete [Papad, 1994]. The data flow model is gaining popularity as a programming paradigm for parallel computers. Many high-performance applications are a collection of modules which have control/data dependences among them. When the characteristics of an application is fully deterministic, including tasks execution time, size of data communicated between tasks, and task dependencies, the application can be represented by a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). With an increase in the number of processing units, expressing parallelism of an application has become a major challenge. Many studies have proved that designing parallel applications using both task and data parallelism is an effective approach than pure data or pure task parallel models. This mixed parallelism achieves both higher scalability and performance. Mixed parallel applications are represented as Parallel Task Graph (PTG), a graph of data parallel tasks. Understanding the importance of task scheduling on a parallel system, an attempt is made to address issues in scheduling multiple applications with the objectives of enhancing the performance of individual applications and also increasing the throughput the parallel computing system. In this thesis, we introduce two new algorithms Level Based Scheduler (LBS) and Improved Level Based Scheduler (ILBS) to schedule parallel applications represented as parallel task graph onto a cluster of multi-core processors with the objective of reducing their completion time. Both algorithms can be used both as static or hybrid schedulers. We argue that hybrid scheduler is a good scheduler choice in a cluster environment to optimize the utilization of its resources. We state that a better way to deal with multiple applications on a cluster is through adoptive space-sharing approach with a promise to benefit both the user and the cluster administrator. In a space-sharing approach, each application is given a set of processors and it is executed on these processors only. A parallel application can be run on a varied number of processors i.e. a moldable job. Hence we argue that it is good to change processor allotment for executing applications depending on the workload on cluster. To perform initial processor allotment and subsequent adaptations if required, methods to find the optimal and maximal number of processors that an application can utilize are developed. Also a novel method to share available processors among multiple competing task graphs is proposed. A framework is developed to bring together the proposed hybrid schedulers, methods to find processor requirement of each application, the scheme to share processors among multiple applicat ions and a new policy to decide processor allotment for each submitted application. Approaches to improve scheduling on a NoC processor is attempted. An approach to make any list scheduling method more time efficient to schedule a task graph on NoC is proposed and experimented. To schedule multiple applications on NoC, the number of cores and which cores to be assigned for each application must be decided. Our belief is that this job of deciding number of cores can be better performed by the joint collaboration of the user and system instead of any one doing it alone. Hence we have developed methods to find the optimal and maximal block of cores that an application can utilize which is later used to decide the actual core allotment for each application. Policies to decide how many and which cores to be assigned for each application are suggested. All the experiments in this thesis are carried out using a discrete event simulator. Benchmark task graphs are taken from different sources, from where other researchers have taken to compare their scheduler performance. The metrics makespan and efficiency of the schedule are used. The developed LBS is compared with MCPA the most widely accepted good scheduler and EMTS the recent PTG scheduler are chosen for performance comparison. The benchmark suite includes regular task graph, random task graph and few real applications task graph. For regular task graphs LBS shows in improvement in makespan by 2-9% in comparison to MCPA. But for irregular PTGs, LBS shows 4-12% performance improvement over MCPA, which is significantly higher than for regular PTGs. Since EMTS uses evolutionary methods, it generates better schedule but at the expense of more computing time. The proposed LBS performance is inferior to EMTS by around 2-7% and 2-4% for regular and random PTGs respectively. Another metric used is the efficiency which is a measure of effective utilization of resources. The efficiency of LBS is more than MCPA, but the improvement is less than that for makespan. This is attributed to the fact task allocation in MCPA leads to better utilization of processors than in L BS. Efficiency of LBS is more than MCPA by 1-3% and less than EMTS by 1-2%. Another scheduler ILBS is compared with LBS and TwoL[rauber 1998], a good method to schedule set of independent tasks. ILBS exhibits performance improvement of 2-7% over LBS and 2-10% over TwoL for regular PTGs. For random PTGs improvement is 6-12% over LBS and 4-8% over TwoL. The increased performance of ILBS for regular PTGs is attributed to the method of finding of the best possible schedule at each level. The performance of the proposed novel method of sharing processors among multiple task graphs is compared with the most recent methods suggested by Tapke et al. The new method exhibited a performance improvement of 6-9% for all categories of task graph and is maximum when the demand for the processors is relatively more than available processors. A complete framework is developed to tailor together the pieces of work carried out. The new policies suggested to decide processor allotment for each task graph show 4-7% performance improvement in average completion time of a task graph. The proposed policy also exhibits better performance for the time required to complete a set of task graphs by 4-7%. Thus the new policy is good from both user and system perspectives. The approach to make list scheduling method more time efficient to generate a schedule for a NoC processor is implemented in DLS[] method and it recorded around 20-45% improvement in execution time. The time is recorded by executing the application on the cycle accurate multi2sim simulator. The new policy proposed to decide the cores allotment for each application performs better than the best methods found in the literature by 4-20%. The issues in scheduling multiple applications on a cluster of multi-core processors and a NoC processor is addressed in this thesis. The observed performance improvement indicate the usefulness of proposed methods.

Graves Disease Essay -- Graves disease Biology Essays

Graves' Disease The disease was first noted in 1786 by Caleb Hillier Parry 1755- 1822, physician from General Hospital, Bath, England. His account was published posthumously in 1825. However Graves' disease is named after the Irish physician who described several cases in London Medical Journal in 1835. Graves' disease is also known as Parry's disease. In Europe, the disease is known as Basedow's disease. It is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis (the morbid condition due to over activity of the thyroid gland). The disorder has three major manifestations: Hyperthyroidism with diffuse goiter Ophthalmopathy and Dermopathy The three manifestations need not appear together. Indeed one or two never appear, and moreover, the three may run courses that are largely independent of one another. Graves' disease can occur at any age but is unusual before puberty. It most commonly affects the 30 to 50 year age group. The disease is more frequent in women, the ratio of predominance in women may be as high as 7 : 1. Genetic factors play a role. There is an association between the disease and the genes HLA ( human leucocyte antigen) B8, -DRw3, -Bw36, -Bw46. Indeed, a 50% concordance is found between identical twins. This means that if one individual in an identical pair of twins is afflicted with Graves' disease, the likelihood of the other sibling coming down with Graves' is 50%. Being an autoimmune disease, there is a clinical and immunologic overlap between Graves' disease and other diseases with prominent autoimmune features. These include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, pernicious anemia, systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE), rheumatoid arthritis ( RA), insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM), and Addison's disease. Thyroid hormones are important mediators of growth and differentiation. The absence of which leads to cretins in childhood. The hormones are also responsible for the regulation of the various metabolic pathways which are vital for life. They are necessary for the normal function of many organ systems. In the thyroid gland, multiple follicles make, store and release thyroid hormones into the surrounding capillaries. These little vessels then bring the hormones to the rest of the body where they are needed. "Thyroid hormones" refers mainly to two hormones T3 and T4, which are single, amino acids containing iodine. They are p... ...tient is willing to take replacement Thyroxine for life, the simplest approach may be the use of radioiodine. There are arguments for and against giving radioiodine to children and young persons who plan to have children. Previously, clinicians are unwilling to advise its use under the age of 45. This restriction is now rapidly being laxed as there is no convincing evidence that there is significant increase in the incidence of cancers occurring in adulthood secondary to its usage. Radioiodine can ensure that mothers are not taking anti- thyroid drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Therefore, an argument can be made for using this treatment method for all age groups except when pregnant or breastfeeding. Relapse of Graves' disease after medical therapy may be managed with a second course, but at this point radioiodine is preferred. During pregnancy and breastfeeding periods, PTU ( propylthiouracil) appears to be the safest drug to use. And surgery is advised in cases with the presence of concomitant suspicious nodule. Each of the 3 major treatments ( anti- thyroid drugs, surgery and radioactive iodine) has their own advantages and disadvantages compared to the others.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Taiwan Essay -- Health, Diseases

In March 2003, the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), so far the most lethal infectious disease in this century, hit the world, including Taiwan. The unfortunate pandemic shattered Taiwan’s tourism industry and the nation’s image of a safe tourism destination region, thus affecting Taiwan’s economy. The Taiwanese government, as well as others that were affected, placed restrictions of varying stringency on domestic and international travel due to the cases of SARS. Therefore, precautions were taken and Taiwan’s global travel and tourism system deteriorated. Having Japan and Hong Kong as Taiwan’s two main sources of tourist arrivals, this pandemic decreased a huge amount of international arrivals from these generating regions reaching a level the island had never before witnessed. Accordingly, due to the influence of SARS on tourism from Japan and Hong Kong, Taiwan had to re-establish its image as one of Asia’s must-see dest inations. Undertaking such research in this pandemic will give a further insight into the impacts of SARS and how the tourism industry has responded in relation to the turmoil that transpired in one of the worst affected in the Asian region, Taiwan. The importance of this research relies vastly on the perceptions from various stakeholders that were affected by the disease, including the community, business owners and the nation as a whole. The impacts of such a turbulent disease ranged from escalating health warnings and death tolls, to economic problems including the deterioration of businesses and sales which led to loss of jobs and furthermore, the large decline in inbound tourist arrivals primarily from Japan and Hong Kong (Pine and McKercher, 2004). Due to the large scale of impacts... ...’s concern about SARS. Secondly, advertising and promotional campaign took place to boost willingness to travel to Taiwan. In order to obtain the numbers of Japanese tourists during pre-SARS, the Taiwan government implemented on advertisements with the aim of giving Taiwan the image of being one of Asia’s must-see destinations for tourists. With the aid of these initiatives, Taiwan’s tourism market had restored to normal by the summer holiday season. While arrivals from Japan recovered to only 70% of pre-SARS level due to a drop off in international trips by Japanese travellers in general, growth was seen in all the other major source markets, including Malaysia, Singapore, Korea, and the U.S. The Japanese tourist arrivals did not recover completely until more than a year after Taiwan was officially removed the list of SARS affected areas (Mao, Ding, Le 2004).

Reaction Paper on the Movie Gi Jane

Msg Marcelito S Adriano 723484 (FA) PA Subject:Reaction Papers on We Were Soldiers As I watched the movie† We Were Soldiers† I recall what is happening in any unit, as the Battalion Commander, Company Commander, Platoon Leaders, Sergeant Major and Troops portray different roles. Leader shows set as an example. He is intelligent, thinking, brave and determined leader. He studies the nature of his enemy carefully. He won’t ask to his man to do, if he can’t do it by himself. He trains his men thoroughly, preparing them for the incoming mission. The Leaders influence the thoughts, attitudes and behaviors of others.It is, therefore, important that their morale is kept high so that they are ready for sacrifice whenever necessity arises. The officers have their own responsibility for commanding the soldiers in combat which is the greatest challenge for each of them even for the risk of their lives. The soldiers shows leadership as they oblige to set one direction f or the rest of them, they help each other what lies ahead, they also help to visualize what they want to achieve, they were encourage and inspire to meet their mission. A responsible family man shows also to this movie.The image of a father which shows closeness to his children, concern for the future of his family and a better husband to his wife. The movie shows an ordinary soldier which other people cannot be seen it. So it is better that the filmmaker produce this kind of movie so that we can give a recognition to our soldier. won't ask man to do what he won't do himself: â€Å"I will be the first to step on the field and I will be the last to step off,† he assures his troops. He reads books and studies the nature of his enemy carefully. He trains his men meticulously, preparing them for the ominous battle to come. Men will die,† he tells his troops, knowing that he and his men are at a disadvantage against an enemy on their own turf. In addition to Gibson, Greg Kin near, Sam Elliot, Barry Pepper, and Keri Russell all give outstanding, A+ performances.Kinnear plays Bruce Crandall, a chopper pilot showing determination and courage while still revealing his fear of death in the course of battle. Pepper plays Joe Galloway, the journalist who rides into the heat of battle to get his story first-hand. (Just wait until you hear his reason for becoming a journalist instead of a soldier. And in spite of my personal disdain for her character on the WB's Felicity, Russell inspires us as a strong-willed mother, in spite of the possibility of losing her husband Jack Geoghegan (Chris Klein) at war. The film does an exceptional job of transitioning from place-to-place, whether from one area of the battlefield to another, to the women and children back home, you always have a good sense of where things are happening and when they're taking place. When one platoon is cut off from the rest of the soldiers, when riverbeds are won and lost, you know exactly what effect it has on the battle.You experience first-hand the grave danger these soldiers experienced. You mourn their deaths and cheer their victories because in spite of the fact that you're sitting in a movie theater, you feel like you're there in battle with them, facing the possibility of death, witnessing the horror of it all. Writer-director Randall Wallace (The Man in the Iron Mask) spends a fair amount of time showing us what is going on behind enemy lines from the point of view of the North Vietnamese. I first heard this was an element of the film before I saw it and was afraid they were going to portray the communist North Vietnamese in a sympathetic light.But, interestingly, these scenes added to the drama and suspense of the film. We see what each leader is thinking and planning for the next attack, which only builds more suspense in anticipation of the next scene to come. A sense of family is well-portrayed among the soldiers, and especially among the wives at home. Madele ine Stowe plays Julie Moore, the wife of Lt. Col. Moore. She heads up the group of wives, giving moral support and preparing them as best she can for the possible death of their husbands. She and Russell show us the chilling events of how they dealt with relaying the notices of the deaths of their friends' husbands.What is lacking in the film is mention of how the war started, or that North Vietnam was communist. Although these are well-known facts, they are too important to pass over in a film about the Vietnam War. The filmmakers have been saying in their media appearances that this is an anti-war movie due to the graphic nature of the battle scenes. Be prepared: the battles scenes are graphic, but I did not come away thinking they were pro- or anti-war. The sheer quantity of gore can never trump the morality of why we fight a war.These scenes only dramatize the risks of fighting a war, and who and what is at stake. The political elements shown in the film (e. g. , how we went int o Vietnam unprepared, and failed to properly arm our men in the best way possible) only demonstrate, in my view, that if we do choose to fight a war, we must do so acknowledging the risks and then proceed with the moral certainty that our cause is right, with only one goal: to win. And Young is a tribute to the nobility of those men under fire, their common acts of uncommon valor, and their loyalty to and love for one another.

Mr. Know All Summary

Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have . If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8 . I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. m  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock.Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? ill press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- . I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8.I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4.Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't broughtEx. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were   had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. am  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have . If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock. Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  w ouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought Ex. 1: Conditionals Choose the most appropriate answer. ————————————————- 1. I like this coat. If it  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  cheaper, I would buy it. is  would be  were  had been 2. If I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  you, I would call him. m  would be  were  had been 3. She would write to him if she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  his address. knows  would know  knew  had known 4. Even if I had enough money, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  buy this car. could  might  would  would not 5. What would happen if someone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this button accidentally? will press  would press  pressed  had pressed 6. What would you do if you  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a million dollars? have  had  had had  would have 7. If I had a bicycle, I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for a ride with you. can go  could go  could have gone  would have gone 8. I hope she  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mind if I stayed here. doesn't  won't  wouldn't  would 9. Mrs. Green call, tell her I'll be back around four o'clock.Could  Might  Should  Would 10. She would be disappointed if we  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  her a present. won't bring  wouldn't bring  didn't bring  hadn't brought 1. Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidaysB * When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a) she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will bec ome a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in i t. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be un der the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidays B When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he will buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can hel p you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ).Revise clauses of time and condition and match the two parts of the sentences. A * If Jane has free time, a)we win the game * If Nick buys skates, b)she will become a good sportswoman soon * If Tom wins the match, c)she will go in for swimming * If Cristine joins us, d)he will become a member of the national team * If Rachiel starts regular training, e)he will skate a lot during his winter holidaysB * When Andrew becomes rich and famous, a)she will be really tired * When Jane arrives, b)they will go to the swimming pool * When the children finish their homework, c)I will go in for sports * When the classes are over, d)he w ill buy a car * When I am free, e)the students will do a bit of skating Complete the sentences using the ideas from the brackets. The words in the word box can help you.As soon as, after, before, in case, if, on condition that, till(untill) * You’ll be allowed to join the group ( , ). * ( ), you’ll be under the spell of her fascination. * It will take you half an hour ( , ). * I won’t go anywhere ( , ). * ( ), she will be totally absorbed in it. * I won’t say a word ( , ). . How is Tom going to get to work tomorrow? He isn’t sure. If it’s rains, ___________________________ If it’s sunny, __________________________ 2. Where are you going to have lunch today? I’m not sure. If I’m not a hurry, ______________________ If I have some time, ____________________ 3. Where is Patty going to go after school today? She isn’t sure. If she has a lot of homework, _______________ If she doesn’t hav e a lot of homework____________________ 4. What are Mr. nd Mrs. Green going to do tonight? They aren’t sure. If they’re tired, __________________________ If they have some energy, __________________ 5. What’s Jane going to do tomorrow? She isn’t sure. If she still has a cold, _______________________ If she feels better, ____________________ 6. What’s Henry going to have for dessert this evening? He isn’t sure. If he decides to stay on his diet, _________________ If he decides to forget about his diet, _____________

Different styles of leadership Essay

Marianne and Betsy do have different styles of leadership. Betsy is the more authority compliance manager and as well a little middle of the road off management. Marianne is more of country club management and as well as middle of the road. From experience with those management style. I think Betsy should focus more on what her direct manager wants. If your relatively new to a company, it would be very bad to rock the boat. I don’t think she should continue to follow the same leadership style because quite frankly it’s not working. However she should totally abandon her authority leadership style. Honestly Marianne and Betsy are at a point where they desperate need to work together to get the main goal in the right perspective. Marianne should become move of an authority compliant manager by giving her friendship with Bridget and Suzanne just a little separation. Betsy also needs to learn how to be more of a middle of the road team player management. She can’t rely on being too bossy, especially when her own boss tells her she is bossy that’s a very bad sign. Betsy and Marianne can work together if they both come to an understanding. Betsy is more in a jam then Marianne. Betsy works under Marianne and Betsy is a fairly new employee. If Betsy resist Marianne and goes to senior management it could possible jeopardize her employment. Furthermore Marianne has the majority vote amongst the staff. Betsy might have to loosen up her rings and join more of the middle of the road management or either takes some tips into the country club management.

Business Law. Law and Application

Issue Is there a valid contract between Khalid and Siti? Law and Application When Khalid is interested in buying Siti’s painting which she had named â€Å"Hawa†, Khalid met Siti and told her that he will pay her RM5,000 for â€Å"Hawa†. This is an offer. Offer had be defined in S2(a) Contracts Act 1950 as â€Å"when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to the act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal†. Under the Contract Act 1950, a proposal is something which is capable of being converted into an agreement by its acceptance.Moreover, merely giving information is not an offer. For example of Harvey v Facey (1893) case, P telegraphed D – â€Å"Will you sell us Bumber Hall Pen? Telegraph lowest cash price. † D replied, â€Å"Lowest cash price ? 900. † P purported to accept the offer. The court held that price information is merely information. There was no offer to accept. Khalil had given clear information that he want to buy Siti’s painting with the price RM 5, 000, the offer is exist. But Siti said she will think about it. Two weeks after she made her mind that she want to sell the painting to Khalid for RM7,000 not Rm 5,000.This is a counter offer not acceptance. Counter offer had be defined in S6(c) Contracts Act 1950 as â€Å"by the failure of the acceptor to fulfill a condition precedent to acceptance. † Siti as the offeree makes a count offer revokes the original offer which made by Khalil. Counter offer had also defined in S7(a) Contracts Act 1950 in order to convert a proposal into a promise that acceptance it must â€Å"be absolute and unqualified†. It does refer to the case of Hyde v Wrench (1840), D made an offer to sell his house for ? 1000.P purposely accepted at ? 950 but D refused, P accepted the original offer of ? 1000. The court held that counter offer terminated the original offer. There was nothing to accept. Furthermore, acceptance had be define in S2(b) Contracts Act 1950 as â€Å"when the person to whom the proposal is made signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be accepted: a proposal, when accepted, becomes a promise†. Thus the original offerror whose offer has been terminated by the offeree’s counter offer can accept or reject the offeree’s counter offer.Khalid said that the price Siti offered was too high and he did not want the painting, means that this is a rejection by Khalid. One week later, Khalid received bonus from his employer. After he got the money to pay so and he immediately contact Siti that he will pay the RM7,000 for â€Å"Hawa†. This is a new counter offer from Khalid. According to S2(a) Contracts Act 1950 â€Å"when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to the act or abstinence , he is said to make a proposal†.But Siti has refused to sell the painting to Khalid with the price RM7, 000; she then said that for the price of her painting has gone up to RM10, 000. This is can counter offer. Conclusion There is no valid contract between Khalil and Siti. The moment that Siti sell her panting for RM 7,000, Khalil had refuse and reject the offer. When he wanted to buy the painting with RM 7, 000, Siti had gone up the price of her painting as RM 10, 000. For the whole â€Å"trade† there is no acceptance exists. There is just exist offer, couter offer and revocation. A contact without acceptance is void, therefor; there is no contract between them.

Philosophy of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy of Law - Essay Example The facts of the case are clear, the Speluncean Society in one of their routine endeavours were inadvertently trapped inside a cave they have set out to explore. Imprisoned for a period of twenty days, the group has become weary and lost for hope without nourishment or the prospect of escaping their prison in just about the right time that they are still alive. Devoid of any further source of food or sustenance, the men faced the ultimate decision of resorting to an act gravely disdained by any civilized society. The joyful day of the men’s freedom simultaneously gave rise to the moment of astonishment when the men who went in came out one person short. Sadly and regrettably, Roger Whetmore was not one of the lucky survivors. Whetmore has fallen victim to his own devise. He unfortunately suffered the fateful consequence of what he had himself proposed. Though he became reluctant upon the last minute, his idea had already been fuelled and intensified by the burning will of a ba nd of men with lost hope of survival and literally dying of hunger (Fuller, n.p.). It was a point of no return and it was a circumstance no God-fearing individual would wish for to his family, his friends or even his enemies.

Global Marketing at AOL Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global Marketing at AOL - Case Study Example The success of any company is closely connected with its management team, a structure of the company and people work with it. The structure of AOL in Japan is not appropriate for the company of this type. The first problem is that only one person from eight, J. Barber, is involved in day-to-day operations. According to the report results, it is not enough for such a company as AOL because it needs more management control and adjustment on the upper level. The second problem is that the five groups report only to the President, who coordinates their work, but the other members of the board are unaware of the company's problems. The third and major problem is the unstable management team of the company (Hoecklin, 1995).During recent years 3 persons have held the office of the company but did not succeed. This is closely connected with the recruiting procedure used by AOL, who committed to his partner Mitsui this mission. Even if it was difficult to find top local people the company cou ld employ a US citizen on the President post. This experience is widely used by other companies in their foreign offices and proves its efficiency (for instance, the Coca-Cola company is used to appoint non-residents on the post of General Manager). The Barber should recommend to AOL to employ an experienced leader on the President's post (if the current will not be able to take AOL on the next level), and be involved in the process of staff selection itself (Griffith, Hu, Ryans, 2000).If AOL continues the present structure it will not gain any results in foreseeable future. Only a new radical strategic approach for management and the company's structure could take AOL on a higher level. The main impediments of AOL in Japan are that it employs the same marketing strategy that used in America. It uses bundling, magazines inserts and direct advertising, which cannot work on the Japanese market at all. And AOL did not take into account the difference that in Japan (in contrast to the U SA), the PC manufacturers are much more active in the ISP business.The overcome the obstacles AOL should use cultural approach to its marketing in Japan. Many problems associated with the relationships between people of different cultures stem from variations in norms and values. At its deepest level, however, culture comprises a set of basic assumptions that operate automatically to enable groups of people to solve the problems of daily life without thinking about them.