Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Project Management - Essay Example There must be a staunch and dedicated leader, behind the excellence of any initiated project within the society. All the benefits behind the projects emanates from good leadership. I would want to be a team leader in the community development funds board to help in the coordination and initiation of community based development projects. The project management can help in the achieving my goals. It will enable me to schedule my entire project plan and tackle them chronologically to achieve the predefined goals. The project management would equip me with required management skills for the success of a project in progress. As project leader, I would ensure that all the key plans for success are in control. For example, clarification of the objectives, before the start of the project, it must be subject to review by the team leaders. Development of the plan would help in managing the project in phases, making it easy to accomplish a bigger task in smaller bits (Carroll 10). The risk management plans enable the planning and implementation of precautionary measures that can inhibit the smooth evolution of the proposed project. I would engage in management and motivation of team members to ensure team cohesion in achieving the goals. Effective leadership demands four types of intelligence including intellectual, physical, emotional, and spiritual intelligence to institutionalize moral

The representation of men in The Jeremy Kyle show and The Maury Show Essay Example for Free

The representation of men in The Jeremy Kyle show and The Maury Show Essay I am going to look into the presentation of men, focusing mainly on the representations that are portrayed in chat shows. My sources of research are going to be Television shows in particular, but also the Internet and Books. I have chosen two Television shows that I am going to look at closely, these are The Jeremy Kyle Show and Maury. I have decided that this is the best possible way of being able to look at the actions, thoughts and representations of men because of the wide range of information that I will be able to collect. I am expecting to find that men are presented in a negative light compared to women and that they are rude, arrogant and do not care about what is going on within the world around them this is mainly due to the stereotypical view presented within other media. The two chat shows both present men in away that suggests to the audience that men are unreliable, untrustworthy and uncaring. First impressions of men are that they are untidy wearing messy clothing, appearing not to have made an effort, they walk onto the stage as if they have done no wrong doing and hold their heads up high. The presenters of the shows soon allow the audience to know that this is not the right image and attitude to have. Jeremy Kyle and Maury both show this, Jeremy states this is all very sad and wrong directing this at the Nathan the main male in the problem, the audience are shown to already have been feeling such emotions. The host is always seen to support the women within the situation, who also always seem to come out on top. Jeremy Kyle and Maury both use different tactics when presenting their shows, while Jeremy takes a hands on approach with his contestants, speaking to them, asking questions and making resolutions, Maury does the opposite and stands back and lets the guests make the drama and introducing the topic and problems, keeping adding detail. The Maury show links very well to The Jerry Springer Show in the way the show is laid out. They have sets of guests, one person coming out first to reveal their side of the story- this is usually the stories that the audience believe and stick too. This is also usually normally the guest who is actually telling the truth and has requested to appear on the show, this guest tends to be female. Dyer (1982) said that 1 women are shown as very feminine and men in situations of authority and dominance over women within the media, this is much apparent within the Jeremy Kyle Show with one particular couple, in which the man (Nathan) goes out to work and leaves his girlfriend (Zels) at home with their child with a weekly allowance for herself, she is expected to be the perfect housewife cooking, cleaning and providing a loving relationship. Through this authority and dominance, the men presented within the shows are presented as liars and cheaters, Brendan tells different stories to different women and he also contradicts himself in the show. He explains one point to the host and later on then changes his story. In the Maury show there is not usually shown to be a family setting, however when one does appear, the women/mother/wife is left at home to look after the home, child and husband whilst the male figure goes out to work and earns the money this is shown within Brians story. Both shows link together very well with each other on the matter of men and women and their roles that they present within the home. The roles presented by the guests are very traditional where the man is shown to be the breadwinner and the women is the house wife. Relationships in the family are very important, and one that is brought up a lot within the two chat shows. Jeremy Kyle believes that the family is a very important factor of life, proper relationships which men and women should have with their children2 is what Jeremy is trying to promote. When he is faced with a guest who doesnt shares his opinions in a very round about way. Brendan lies to all of his family members, keeping secrets from his first family and his second. Brendan stays back stage the majority of the show; he doesnt wish to sit with his children and would rather stay out of the lime light. Within the Maury show a nuclear family is not recognized and Maury doesnt present the ideal family life, he doesnt particularly present his own views and feelings, this allows him to take a back seat within his show and let the guests discuss and present their own opinions, this creates more drama for the audience because they are able to present their own feelings without knowing i f they are right or wrong. This is shown with Thomass story (on the Maury show), he is the father of Mels baby but he refuses this responsibility, he cheats on his girlfriend with her best friends and leaves his girlfriend with their new born child. He doesnt wish to take care of his baby as it is not convenient within his new life style. Brendan on the Jeremy kyle show, is faced with a dilemma when it is stated his child was in hospital and he didnt even visit her. Jeremy is angry about this and also the audience doesnt take kindly to this act, he is received with booing. This sets the way that men are suppose to act and the way that we like to receive men. Other family situations are shown within this episode of The Jeremy Kyle Show such as the relationships between brothers. Brendans brother Antony is within the audience and supports his brother with whatever he says. Jeremy and the audience try and control Antony due to his choice of language made. The Jeremy Kyle Show and The Maury show both present different representations of family life. Jeremy Kyle tries to present that family life should be a mother and father taking care of their children whilst Maury doesnt directly present any ideas. However Maury does submit the idea of disproval in men who do not take care of their children. These ideas and differences are due to they way the hosts of the shows present the men on the shows. Jeremy Kyle is more involved and likes to voice his opinion of what he thinks is right and wrong, where as Maury lets the guests do the talking. Men are shown as not knowing how to behave within their family situations. They are shown to need extra help with these situations. Masculinity has long been and often been represented as the human norm and conventionally masculine qualities3. Masculinity has many representational conventions; these conventions give an audience the ability to recognize the manly character. Within the Jeremy Kyle show the masculine man is always represented as wrong and in the wrong doing the acts that are presented by the masculine characteristics, this in facts give men a tremendous negative representation, such as, as soon as Brendan comes out onto the shown he is greeted with booing, the audience this way allow the guest to know that what he is doing is wrong and that the masculine acts that they portray are not ones that are received well. Within the Maury show, men are shown as doing the wrong however in a different kind of way than the Jeremy Kyle Show the men are always proven wrong and in the end try and fix their wrong doings with right doings however sometimes it is too late. They dont take responsibility when it is truly needed and the men act young and foolish. The two shows allow the audience to link the male roles to Robert Hanks, models of masculinity, the hegemonic male is always presented usually within the guests, and this male is powerful, ruthless and often subjugates others. The conservative male can be recognized within the host, he is more sensitive and open to feelings; however he is domestic and can still be presented as powerful. The last male we see within Hanks roles is the conservative male, this character type does not make a regular appearance within the show and could be seen to be someone within the audience this person is seen as weak and is often applied to homosexuality. There is a big relation between men and sex within the chat shows, and most of the topics are created due to sexual desires and actions. Fiske said that male behavior towards females is influenced by highly sexualized images of women4, this is shown by the way men treat women when they have been sexual involved with them. Jeremy Kyle presents on his show a big front about using protection and within his autobiography wonders How im not the poster boy for Durex, Ill never know5, so when Nathan is accused of having a Secret second family, his girlfriend realizes the relationship was based on sex and now that it is more than that Nathan no longer wants to be within the relationship after having a child with his girlfriend and being pushed with responsibility Jeremy Kyle produces the question Why didnt you slip something on the end of it. With all of his guests Kyle pushes the subject of contraception and pushes forward for all to use it to stop all of the unwanted pregnancies and children. Whilst on the show Nathan also admits that he has had three affairs, one being in a brothel with a prostitute. This greeted with a highly negative representation from the audience and the host. This pushes the view onto the audience and allows the audience to know that these actions are very wrong and those men behaving wrongly in their sexual relations, having sex outside of a loving relationship and sometimes cheating. This gives the audience the view that men are always in the wrong doing compared to the actions womens present. Men and Sex on the Maury show is always and issue, the man usually believes he isnt getting enough or that it is not good enough. This is shown within Desmonds story he is married with three children in this relationship, however he also has two girlfriends with a child each, he doesnt see this as a problem as he believes he is being sexually full-filled by the three. Thinking about sexual relationships first pushes his children down the line and he doesnt look after them as well as he could be due to wanting to be with different girls on different occasions. Comparing men and women within the Jeremy Kyle Show is very easy to do. The women who appear on the show are mostly shown as right and having been presented with a wrong doing from a man. However there is some variation within the show. Kels admits to being violent towards Nathan on a regular and basis and he admits that he is the same towards her, this still shows Nathan in a very bad light but also brings a women down to his level also, from these variations it does slightly improve the representations that are painted of men. On the Maury show it is slightly harder to do so. The women sometime act with violent behavior towards the men when they do not want to hear something that they say or that is revealed to them, however the men always react and tend to portray these violent acts also. Men are however always seen in the wrong and need to apologize to the women. Altogether through out both shows men are represented within a negative light they act with masculine representations and continue to show men in a bad way. The way the hosts act on the show however boosts the representations of men, however these issues can link to the class status of the men showing that lower class men who tend to be guests are always within the wrong and middle/upper class men who are the hosts always tend to be in the right knowing what they are talking about and knowing that they have to answers to the guests. This is shown within an article by Barbara Ehrenreich, she states that Members of the white working classes are portrayed as dumb and inarticulate. Such stereotypes serve to silence the voice of the working class in the media. and she also points out that It is also possible that the privileged class and corporations who own the media outlets are pursing their own social and political agenda.6 The audience is in-between as they are shown to carry on the thoughts that are presented to them by the hosts of the shows, which allow them to take away who is right and wrong and how you should behave in the real world. Men within the two shows are not always presented in a good light, with my in depth research I found what I expected to find from my research that men are presented in a negative light compared to women and that they are rude, arrogant and do not care about what is going on within the world around them this is mainly due to the stereotypical view presented within other media. I think this is to do with many of items, such as how the audience is positioned and what the producers of the show want us to understand from the show. However there are some differences in what I thought I would find, I dont think men are always in the wrong and sometimes women are presented within the negative light that men are. This allows the audience to understand that there is some good in men and that it is more about the person you are instead of if you are male or female. ` Bibliography Kyle, Jeremy. Im only being honest Hodder Stoughton 2009. Lacey, Nick, Image and Representation (key concepts in media studies),Palgrave Macmillan 2009 Oakley, Ann., Sex, Gender Society Gower Publishing Company Limited 1985 Tincknell, Estella, Mediating the family- Gender,Culture and Representation Hodder Education 2005. Tripp, Anna, Gender, Palgrave 2000 http://womensissues.about.com/od/intheworkplace/a/MenObjects.htm Accessed on 10.10.11 www.iwmf.org www.media-awareness.ca/english/index.cfm http://www.workingclasspride.com/14.html Accessed on 3/12/11 1Lacey, Nick, Image and Representation (key concepts in media studies),Palgrave Macmillan 2009. Page 192 2Tincknell, Estella, Mediating the family- Gender,Culture and Representation Hodder Education 2005. page 55 3 Tripp, Anna, Gender, Palgrave 2000 page 11 4 http://womensissues.about.com/od/intheworkplace/a/MenObjects.htm accessed 18/10/11 5 Kyle, Jeremy. Im only being honest Hodder Stoughton 2009 page 169 6- http://www.workingclasspride.com/14.html accessed 3/12/11

Comparing Themes in The Return of the Native and Great Expectations :: comparison compare contrast essays

Themes in The Return of the Native and Great Expectations      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Classic novels usually share in the aspect of universal themes which touch people through out the ages. All types of audiences can relate to and understand these underlying ideas. Victorian novels such as Thomas Hardy's The Return of the Native and Charles Dickens' Great Expectations are examples of literary classics that have universal themes. Hardy's tale illustrates the role of chance in his characters lives. Through the story we encounter events of pure coincidence and their effects. Dickens, considered to be more of a reformer (Literature Online), tries to portray a social theme in his novel. The basic theme of Great Expectations is that good does not come from ones social standing but rather comes from their inner value. These novels are considered classics because of their timeless themes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thomas Hardy's The Return of the Native displays a theme of chance. Book First, chapter 8 contains a perfect example. Eustacia persuades young Johnny Nunsuch into helping her feed a fire. She dismisses him and begins to walk home. Before reaching home, he is frightened by the light coming from the heath and returns to discover Wildeve meeting with Eustacia. By pure chance, Venn discovers the boy and quizzes him.    "Then I came down here, and I was afeard, and   I went back; but I didn't like to speak to her, because of the gentleman, and I came on here again" [Johnny Nunsuch]    " A gentleman--ah! What did she say to him, my man?"  Ã‚   [Diggory Venn]    "Told him she supposed he had not married the other woman because he liked his old sweetheart best; and things like that"  Ã‚   [Johnny Nunsuch]    [Book First, chapter 8, pp. 82]    This chance exchange reveals that Wildeve is meeting with Eustacia. Venn uses this to his advance by announcing himself to Mrs. Yeobright as a suitor for Thomasin. This backfires because Mrs. Yeobright tries to use the second suitor to force Wildeve to marry Thomasin. These events all occur from the chance meeting between Venn and Johnny Nunsuch. Another example of chance and coincidence can be seen in the famous gambling scene of Book Third, chapter VII. This is perhaps one of the most critically examined parts of the book.    " "Very well," said Wildeve, rising.

The Unchanged Character of Hester in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Ess

The Unchanged Character of Hester in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter In the course of most stories, at least one of the main characters changes in one way or another. In The Scarlet Letter, one of the main characters we see a change in is Hester. Through the course of the novel, it appears that Hester changes from an arrogant, unremorseful woman to a much kinder and helpful, repentant woman. Although it appears that Hester has learned a lesson from her sin and consequential punishment, has she really changed her sinful ways? If she has, why, then, is she going to leave for Europe with Arthur Dimmesdale? In the beginning of The Scarlet Letter, we see Hester being punished publicly for the sin she has committed with Arthur Dimmesdale. In chapter two, Hawthorne writes, "he [the town-beadle] laid his right hand upon the shoulder of a young woman, whom he thus drew forward until, on the threshold of the prison-door, she repelled him, by an action marked with natural dignity and force of character, and stepped into the open air, as if by her own free-will." Two paragraphs later, Hawthorne writes, "And never had Hester Prynne appeared more lady-like, in the antique interpretation of the term, than as she issued from the prison. Those who had before known her, and had expected to behold her dimmed and obscured by a disastrous cloud, were astonished, and even startled, to perceive how her beauty shone out, and made a halo of the misfortune and ignominy in which she was enveloped." At this first appearance to the townspeople, Hester acts as if nothing is wrong, as if she has chosen to appear before the people, rather than take it as a punishment. Hester’s haughty appearance does not accurately reflect the way she is feeling on the i... ...ir marriage. By running off with Arthur, she would be committing adultery again. Some people would argue that Roger and Hester were never married and, therefore, they didn’t commit adultery. In that case, they may not have committed adultery, but Hester still would have committed fornication, also a sin in God’s sight (Mark 7:21, Acts 15:20, among others). At one point in the story, Hawthorne explains that Hester has learned much from the letter (ch 18 – "The scarlet letter was her passport into regions where other women dared not tread. Shame, Despair, Solitude! These had been her teachers, —stern and wild ones, —and they had made her strong, but taught her much amiss."). Although Hester has changed in some ways, the change that was supposed to be brought about by the scarlet letter never happened. In the end, Hester was still planning to commit adultery again.

P&G Strategy

Executive Summary Competitive analysis of P&G often focuses on hard outcomes like market share, gross margin, and number of patent applications but misses some under-appreciated but nevertheless critical strategies that drive P&G's business. The least understood and most powerful P strategy Is leveraging Its scale. Least understood because It Is hard to measure; most powerful because It touches everything the company does.P& G has four separate identifiable scale leveraging strategies: 1 a retail trade strategy a top down Corporate vs.. Division/brand funding strategy a consumer cohort strategy systemic strategies Scale Is becoming Increasingly important, particularly as retailers globalize and continue to drive out supply chain costs. We bring Industry-leading supply chain management and the Intellectual capital of our people to retail partnerships. We have higher-than-average market shares at our top global retailers.As big customers grow, P's overall market share grows. Leverages Its Scale In Ways That Competitors Don't Fully Appreciate Leveraging scale with the retail trade These are programs that have a high perceived value to the retailer and reinforce P's competitive advantages. Of course, these programs are most aggressively sold to the more enlightened retailers who are gaining share in the marketplace. In fact, gaining share with growing retailers is another major P&G strategy. Everyone recognizes that retailers are becoming more and more powerful, demanding more price concessions from manufacturers while themselves marketing private brands of higher and higher value to consumers. Most manufacturers respond by dumping cash into the retailer's wallet. P responds by leveraging its scale. P is investing tens of millions of dollars in Supply Chain efficiencies to come the low-cost distributor, developing innovative distribution concepts and then â€Å"marketing† their advantages to retailers with sophisticated Activity Based Costing software tools. In addition, high volume from multiple categories permits P account handlers at all levels to offer retail customers benefits such as: Account- specific consumer research Major theme events with genuine substance which make the retailer look good to their consumers (e. G. , the Women's Health Initiative at Wall*Mart) Multi-category consumer studies (e. G. Mothering) Software analytics We see retail consolidation as an opportunity that P&G is uniquely capable of leveraging.

Socio-Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Socio-Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder Free Online Research Papers A Retrospection of Socio- Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder ABSTRACT Autism is a condition that is unique in many ways. Persons coming under the autism spectrum have difficulties in sharing thoughts, feelings, meanings, intentions and other mental experiences of living in the world. Generally persons with autism exhibit a unique set of symptoms in three areas viz socialization, communication and behaviour. There has been a phenomenal rise in institutional infrastructure and reaffirmation of the commitment to the cause promoting empowerment of Persons with ASD. India is a developing nation having a social fabric with socio-cultural, religious, geographic, climatic and demographic variation. With an objective of strengthening, streamlining as well as shouldering the needs of the persons with ASD, to empower the persons with ASD to out manoeuvre the hurdles in the form of challenges; to create a source as well as force for the empowerment of persons with ASD, NIEPMD who is also catering to the needs of persons with ASD started functioning from the year 2005. It is a basic study and aims to find out the Socio economic profile of persons with ASD attending services at NIEPMD and to correlate the condition of Autism with the Socio- Economic profile. The study also focuses on various socio- economical variables of families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This study revealed that most of the children diagnosed with ASD are from Below Poverty line, hence there is a need to provide quality rehabilitation services to the children from poor socio- economic background and also the need to establish service centres in the rural areas, because most of the children with ASD are left unnoticed in the rural areas due to lack of awareness about Autism. A Retrospection of Socio- Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder Introduction There has been a drastic wave towards rehabilitation of persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) after the efforts rendered from Action for Autism which has attracted attention of lot of professionals and parents. Creation of awareness towards ASD has seen lot of changes; media has handled the situation in a better way. Zee TV is telecasting a serial â€Å"Aapki Antara† based on the life and challenges of a girl with ASD and during the end of the programme they are depicting a brief interaction of parents who have children with ASD. Similar lines Mr. Karan Johar famour Producer Director of Bollywood movies has projected Mr. Shahrukh Khan as having Asperger’s syndrome in the movie â€Å"My name is Khan†. So definitely now there is good amount of information about the condition and the intervention approaches. There has also been an increase in the professionals undergoing training in ASD through Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) approved programmes. Autism is a condition that is unique in many ways. Persons coming under the autism spectrum have difficulties in sharing thoughts, feelings, meanings, intentions and other mental experiences of living in the world. Generally persons with autism exhibit a unique set of symptoms in three areas viz socialization, communication and behaviour. ASD is a general term that includes the following disorders: Autistic Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder, Pervasive Developmental Disorder – Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS), Rett’s Disorder, and Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD). In each of these disorders, social interaction is most commonly affected. The symptoms and characteristics of ASD can present themselves in a wide variety of combinations, from mild to severe. Although ASD is defined by certain sets of behaviours, individuals can exhibit any combination of the behaviours in any degree of severity. Persons with the same diagnosis can act very differently and have varying skills. Therefore, there is no standard â€Å"type† or â€Å"typical† person with ASD. Modernization and urbanization have resulted in radical socio – economical changes and has given rise to new conflicts and tensions consequent upon the erosion of old age family and fraternal security. The very purpose of social security measure is to give individuals and families the confidence that their level of living and quality of life will not erode by social or economic eventuality; provide medical care and income security; facilitate the victims to vocational rehabilitation; prevent or reduce ill health and accidents in the occupations; protect against unemployment by maintenance and promotion of job creation and provide benefit for the maintenance of every PWD. There has been a phenomenal rise in institutional infrastructure and reaffirmation of the commitment to the cause promoting empowerment of Persons with ASD. India is a developing nation having a social fabric with socio-cultural, religious, geographic, climatic and demographic variation. This is of more significant in the context of subjects related to a marginalized and under privileged group. Despite economic constraints, India has a vision for all round growth and intends to enter into group of developed nations by the year 2020 (QRI). To achieve these ambitious targets, all sections of society not only including persons with disabilities but persons with ASD have to be included in the process of developing the nation. With an objective of strengthening, streamlining as well as shouldering the needs of the persons with ASD, to empower the persons with ASD to out manoeuvre the hurdles in the form of challenges; to create a source as well as force for the empowerment of persons with ASD; to promote interdisciplinary and multi disciplinary management approach to cater the growing needs of persons with ASD, NIEPMD who is also catering to the needs of persons with ASD started functioning from the year 2005. The institute aims at enabling and empowering the persons with ASD, by offering a range of comprehensive services and also follows a zero rejection policy. The services offered by the Institute are predominantly centre cum home based programme. Services offered at NIEPMD are indented for clients from all parts of the country. This study is to find out the Socio economic profile of persons with ASD attending services at NIEPMD and to correlate the condition of Autism with the Socio- Economic profile . The study also focuses on various socio- economical variables of families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).The sample is taken from the year 2002 to 2009. Review of the Literature Victor D. Sanua, Department of Psychology, St. John’s University, Jamaica, N.Y mentioned that Kanner, in his 1943 article, reported that parents of autistic children tended to be of high socioeconomic status (SES). According to Schopler, Andrews and Strupp, 1979 subsequent studies did not reveal similar findings. However, a careful analysis of these studies showed that in all instances the SES distributions of the parents were bimodal. Subba Rao, T.A. , Ravindar, D, 2002 studied the characteristics of 28 children with ASD attending services at Composite Regional Centre, Bhopal, reported that most of the parents were highly educated and were from well to do family. In a recently published study Malhotra et al, 2003 compared the socio-demographic and clinical profile of PDD patients registered at CAP Clinic, PGIMER, and Chandigarh between 1989 and 1999. M. Juneja, S.B. Mukherjee and S. Sharma, 2004 reported that most children were from the middle class. This is probably due to the upper class persons with autism usually do not avail government hospital medical facilities. Parents from lower income groups may postpone seeking medical attention for disorders other than sickness. The observed boy-girl ratio was lesser than that reported in literature. Amarnath, A, 2008, studied about the socio- economic conditions and the needs of persons with multiple disabilities in Thirupporur block of Chengalpattu taluk, Kancheepuram District of Tamil Nadu. Parents of persons with multiple disabilities are from low socio-economic strata and if provided with some income generation programme they families would be able to support. Methodology It is a basic study and aims to find out the Socio economic profile of persons with ASD attending services at NIEPMD and to correlate the condition of Autism with the Socio- Economic profile. The study also focuses on various socio- economical variables of families of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). All the children diagnosed as ASD from 2007 to 2009 by the Multi- disciplinary team formed the subject of the study. Information were collected through both structured and semi structured interviews from the parents by the multidisciplinary team during registration and assessment of the child. The data is computed and tabulated by using mean and percentage. Procedure All the children with ASD attending the services at NIEPMD from the year 2007 to 2009 were taken for the study. A detailed case history including the demographic details of the case and the parents are noted. This include name of the client, sex, age, source of referral, community, religion, family income, language, education and occupation status of the parents etc. All these information are collected directly from the parents. For the analysis of the data the above information were classified into three profiles, 1. Personal profile (Variables used- Age, Sex, Order of the child, Diagnosis) Economic profile (Variables used- Education and Occupation of the father, mother, Family monthly income) Social profile (Family type, area of residence, religion, language spoken, school attending, state). The data has been computed and projected in percentages. Results A total of 45 children with ASD formed the subject of the study. Table- 1 shows the personal profile of the subjects in the variables of Age, gender, order of the child and the diagnosis. The study shows that 24 % of children are aged below six year and below and 60% of the children belong to the age group of 6-14 years and 16% of children belonging to the age group of 14 and above. The male female ratio in the study was 3:5 which also coorelates with the findings reported in NICHD 2001 census. The order of the child in the family reveals that 58% of children belong to the first born and 33% belong to the second born where as 7% third and 2% fourth born. This shows that a considerable number of children with ASD were first born. However an indepth study on the relationship between the birth order and incidence of ASD will be focused as a separate study. The diagnosis of the children with ASD in the study shows that 58% of children are diagnosed as Autism with Mental Retardation, 29% of children were as Autism, 11% belonging to Pervasive Development Disorder and 2% of children are Autism with Visual Impairment. Table 2 shows that 93% of fathers and 27% of mothers are reported to be working of which 32% of the families had a monthly income of Rs. 10,000 and more and 31% of families income are in the range of 6500 to 10,000. 60% of father and 56% of mother had Diploma, Graduation and Post Graduation as their educational qualification. The data also shows that 68% of the clients are from poor socio- economic strata. The data reveals the fact that majority of the fathers are working (93%) and most of the mothers are Housewife (73%). Table 3 shows that 87% of children with ASD belong to nuclear family residing in urban areas and semi urban areas while 9% of the children with ASD belong to joint families and residing in rural areas. Most of the children (93%) belonged to Hindu religion, 5% of children from Muslim region and 2% of children belong to Christian religion. The data also reveals the fact that most of the children (44%) are attending Special school and 27% of children are attending Normal schools, this correlates with the fact children with ASD would definitely benefit from Inclusive Education, but inclusion should not be forced upon them, the transition should be gradual an systematic. Further 76% of the children with ASD are from Tamil Nadu and 24% are from other states of India. Though the percentages of children diagnosed with ASD from other states are low, it substantiates the point that NIEPMD as a National Institute is yet to reach other parts of the Country. Table 1. Personal profile of Persons with ASD attending NIEPMD services 2007- 2009. AGE: S. No Age Nos. (N=45 Percentage 1 0-3 yrs 5 11 2 4-6 yrs 6 13 3 7-9 yrs 13 29 4 10-14 yrs 14 31 5 15- 18 yrs 3 7 6 Above 18 yrs 4 9 SEX S. No Sex Nos. (N=45 Percentage 1 Male 35 78 2 Female 10 22 ORDER OF THE CHILD S. No Order of the Child Nos. (N=45 Percentage 1 1st Child 26 58 2 2nd Child 15 33 3 3rd Child 3 7 4 4th Child 1 2 DIAGNOSIS S. No Diagnosis Nos. (N=45 Percentage 1 Autism 13 29 2 Autism with MR 26 58 3 Autism with VI 1 2 4 Autism with HI 0 0 5 PDD 5 11 Table 2. Economic Profile of ASD children attending NIEPMD Programme and service 2007-2009 Variables used: Father Education. Mother Education. Father Occupation. Mothers Occupation. Family monthly income. Fathers Education:. Sl. No Education Nos. (N=45) Percentage (%) 1 Illiterate 2 Primary 1 2 3 Middle 3 7 4 High 8 18 5 12th std 6 13 6 Diploma 7 Graduation 18 40 8 P.G 7 16 9 Ph.D 2 4 Mothers Education: Sl. No Education Nos. (N=45) Percentage (%) 1 Illiterate 2 4 2 Primary 1 2 3 Middle 3 7 4 High 6 13 5 12th Std 8 18 6 Diploma 12 27 7 Graduation 11 24 8 P.G 1 2 9 Ph.D 2 4 10 MBBS 1 2 Fathers Occupation: 1. Working – 42/45 (93%) 2. Not Working- 3/45(7%). Mothers Occupation: 1. Working 12/45(27%) 2. House Wife 33/45(73%) Family Income: 1. BPL 17/45(38%) 2. 6,500 10,000 14/45(31%) 3. 10,000 20,000 7/45(15%) 4. Above 20,000 7/45( 15%) Table 3. Social profile of ASD children attending NIEPMD programme and services 2007- 2009 Variables used: Family Type. Area of Resident. Religion . Language spoken. School attending. State. Family Type: Nuclear 39/45(87%) Joint Family 4/45(9%) Area of Residence: Rural 1/45(2%) Semi Rural 2/45(4%) Urban 28/45(62%) Semi-urban 14/45(31%) Religion: Hindu 42/45( 93%) Christian 1/45(2%) Muslim 2/45(4%) Language spoken: Tamil 38/45(84%) English 0 (0%) Hindi 1/45(2%) Tamil + English 5/45(11%) Any other 1/45(2%) Attending School: Normal 12/45(27%) Special schools 20/45(44%) Others 4/45(8%) State: Tamil Nadu 34/45(76%) Others 11/45(24%) Recommendations This basic study was carried out to find out the whether there is any correlation of the parents who have good education, sound socio economic strata have children with ASD. But this study revealed that most of the children diagnosed with ASD are from Below Poverty line, hence there is a need to provide quality rehabilitation services to the children from poor socio- economic background and also the need to establish service centres in the rural areas, because most of the children with ASD are left unnoticed in the rural areas due to lack of awareness about Autism. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Dr. K. Bala Baskar and Mr. Benjamin Victor of National Institute for Empowerment of Person with Multiple Disabilities (NIEPMD), Chennai for compiling the data and also editing the manuscript. We also acknowledge the support of the Parents of children with ASD attending services at NIEPMD for providing details and permission to use it for the study. References 1. Beckman, P. (1991). Comparison of mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of the effects of young children with and without disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 585–595. 2. Beckman, P. (1983). Influences of selected child characteristics on stress in families of handicapped infants. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 88(2), 150–156. 3. Census 2001 censusindia.net/t_00_003.html). 4. Costigan, C., Floyd, F., Harter, K., McClintock, J. (1997). Family process and adaptation to children with mental retardation: Disruption and resilience in family problem-solving interactions. Journal of Family Psychology, 11, 515–529. 5. Douglas E. Carothers; Ronald L. Taylor, Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, Summer 2004 v19 i2 p102(3)) 6. Dyson, L., Fewell, R. (1986). Stress and adaptation in parents of young handicapped and non handicapped children: A comparative study. Journal of the Division for Early Childhood, 10, 25–35. 7. Dunst, C., Trivette, C., Hamby, D., Pollock, B. (1990). Family systems correlates of the behavior of young children with handicaps. Journal of Early Intervention, 14, 204–218. 8. Davies, S. (1923). Social control of the feebleminded. The National Committee on Mental Hygiene. New York: New York State Charities Aid Association. 9. Dewey, J. (1934). Art as experience. New York: Holt. 10. Dunlap, W. R., Hollingsworth, J. (1977). How does a handicapped child affect the family? Implications for practitioners. The Family Coordinator, 9, 286–293. 11. Friedrich, W. N., Friedrich, W. L. (1981). Psychosocial assets of parents of handicapped and nonhandicapped children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 85, 551–553. 12. Padmavathi. K (2005), Perception of the parents and teachers on social skills in children with Multiple Disabilities, A comparison. Paper presented in the NIMH conference on multiple disabilities. 13. Ramachandran Rajesh, What you should know (A compilation on Autism for parents) October 2008, KB associate, Bhopal. 14. Rao, L.G. (2005) NIMH conference on multiple disabilities towards abilities- an introduction, NIMH, Secunderabad. 15. Zutshi Bupinder, Center for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, Disability Status in India Case Study of Delhi Metropolitan Region*, September 2004, disabilityindia.org/StatusBookFrame.cfm Research Papers on Socio-Economic Profile of Persons with Autism Spectrum DisorderInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThree Concepts of PsychodynamicHip-Hop is Art

Global Environment and Economy essays

Global Environment and Economy essays Whether it be through intensified media attention, or due to the efforts of prominent scientists and other members of society, we have become increasingly aware of the detrimental effects that technological advances in industry and agriculture have on the global environment. However, as Carl Sagan points out in Pulling the Plug on Mother Earth awareness is not enough, nor is societys response to the catastrophic implications of environmental pollution rapid enough. Slowness to implement sound strategies are in part due to the fact that the threats we face are nebulous, since they come in the form of particles of invisible gases and radioactivity, and in part because response to pollution appears to be so costly at individual, governmental and corporate levels. It appears that great material loss, as well as visual manifestation, have been the only ways to galvanize action towards altering and limiting technologies so that adverse chemicals and substances are no longer belched into th e environment. For example, Sagan is right on the mark when he indicates that it took the reality that CFCs were destroying the sensitive but protective ozone layer to encourage large chemical companies to begin a gradual phase-out of these substances, even when scientists had already discovered the terrible effects of the chemical combination. Sagan says that to slowly stop usage of such obviously dangerous substances is not enough, for even with current conditions, it is estimated that the damaged ozone layer will require at least 100 years to repair itself. In the interim, we are risking danger to the food chain, global warming, and increased cases of skin cancer. Rather than risk these catastrophes, Sagan calls for the immediate phase-out of CFCs, as well as to improve energy usage, plant trees, and curb the population explosion as supplemental methods to improve the environment. While the cause and effect relationship between technolo...